Crisis Blown over

November 30, 1997 goes down in the history of a Bangalore-based electric company as the day nobody wanting it to recur but everyone recollecting it with sense of pride. It was a festive day for all the 700-plus employees. Festoons were strung all over, banners were put up; banana trunks and leaves adorned the factory gate, instead of the usual red flags; and loud speakers were blaring Kannada songs. It was day the employees chose to celebrate Kannada Rajyothsava, annual feature of all Karnataka-based organisations. The function was to start at 4 p. m. and everybody was eagerly waiting for the big event to take place. But the event, budgeted at Rs 1,00,000 did not take place. At around 2 p. m. , there was a ghastly accident in the machine shop. Murthy was caught in the vertical turret lathe and was wounded fatally. His end came in the ambulance on the way to hospital. The management sought union help, and the union leaders did respond with a positive attitude. They did not want to fish in troubled waters. Series of meetings were held between the union leaders and the management. The discussions centred around two major issues—(i) restoring normalcy, and (ii) determining the amount of compensation to be paid to the dependants of Murthy. Luckily for the management, the accident took place on a Saturday. The next day was a weekly holiday and this helped the tension to diffuse to a large extent. The funeral of the deceased took place on Sunday without any hitch. The management hoped that things would be normal on Monday morning. But the hope was belied. The workers refused to resume work. Again the management approached the union for help. Union leaders advised the workers to resume work in al departments except in the machine shop, and the suggestions was accepted by all. Two weeks went by, nobody entered the machine shop, though work in other places resumed. Union leaders came with a new idea to the management—to perform a pooja to ward off any evil that had befallen on the lathe. The management accepted the idea and homa was performed in the machine shop for about five hours commencing early in the morning. This helped to some extent. The workers started operations on all other machines in the machine shop except on the fateful lathe. It took two full months and a lot of persuasion from the union leaders for the workers to switch on the lathe. The crisis was blown over, thanks to the responsible role played by the union leaders and their fellow workers. Neither the management nor the workers wish that such an incident should recur. As the wages of the deceased grossed Rs 6,500 per month, Murthy was not covered under the ESI Act. Management had to pay compensation. Age and experience of the victim were taken into account to arrive at Rs 1,87,000 which was the amount to be payable to the wife of the deceased. To this was added Rs 2,50,000 at the intervention of the union leaders. In addition, the widow was paid a gratuity and a monthly pension of Rs 4,300. And nobody’s wages were cut for the days not worked. Murthy’s death witnessed an unusual behavior on the part of the workers and their leaders, and magnanimous gesture from the management. It is a pride moment in the life of the factory. Question: 1. Do you think that the Bangalore-based company had practised participative management? 2. If your answer is yes, with what method of participation (you have read in this chapter) do you relate the above case? 3. If you were the union leader, would your behaviour have been different? If yes, what would it be?

Penny Lab

Penny Lab Experiment By -Objectives To determine how soap affects the surface tension of water. -Hypothesis In this experiment the hypothesis was that soap was going to affect the surface tension by weakening the bonds and allowing less water on the penny. -Materials * Penny * Beaker x2 (One containing soapy water the other containing pure tap) * Paper towels * Lab review sheet * Pencil * Pipette -Procedure First we picked who would drop the water onto the penny. We did this to ensure that the drops were even in size.We then carefully dropped water from the dropper onto the head side of the penny while counting the number of drops. -Data | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Average| Tap Water| 37 drops| 32 drops| 44 drops| 37 drops| Soapy Water| 16 drops| 14 drops| 10 drops| 13 drops| -Calculations Tap Water – (37+32+44)/ 3= 37 Soapy Water- (16+14+10)/3=13 -Conclusion In this experiment we confirmed the hypothesis that soap affects water by lowering surface tension thus lowering the a mount that can fit on a penny. -Post Lab 5.Explain what surface tension is/ Surface tension is water’s ability to stick to itself. 6. Why were many trials taken and averaged? / To get better and more accurate responses. 7. In this experiment, what was your control group? / The plain tap water. 8. Identify the independent variable in the experiment. / The soap in the water. 9. Identify the dependent variable in the experiment. / The amount of drops that would fit on the penny. 10. What if the question was how does sugar affect surface tension of water?Using the scientific method answer how you would answer this question. First we would make an observation about how water’s surface tension could be affected. Next we would propose a hypothesis. Like if we add sugar to water the water’s surface tension will be greater. Then we would follow the steps of the experiment performed earlier. We would then be able to prove or disprove the hypothesis we created. Then we wou ld draw conclusions based on our results.

Art Museum Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art Museum Assignment - Essay Example It captures a man by a boat at the river and the tranquil surroundings. Analyzing the elements of the painting shows that horizontal lines dominate the painting indicating the calmness of the scene. The colors used are mostly tones of blue and green with hues of brown, red and yellow. The painting simulates the textures of the textile and the reeds at the river and the artist created an illusion of proximity by using the varying values of the colors. The boat and the man appear nearer to the viewer since the artist used darker values of green, brown, blue and red. In contrast, the trees and the house on the right part of the composition appear to be distant because of the lighter values of green, yellow and blue used on the forms. A River in Normandy exhibits the fine technical skill of Bonington. The artist’s precision and mastery of techniques earned the respect of his colleague Eugene Delacroix. The painting is also one of the examples of en plein air artworks at the time that artists were usually inside studios to paint. Another painting from the Dallas Museum of Art is the Sheaves of Wheat by Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh. The oil on canvas work is 50.483 centimeters x 100.965 centimeters and was completed in July 1890, the same year that van Gogh died. The piece was painted during the period that the painter was experiencing physical and mental health problems. It was also during this time that van Gogh was assumed to develop problems with his eyesight thus the colors he used were lighter in value. The Sheaves of Wheat is a non-representational painting showing bundles of freshly harvested wheat. Typical of a non-representational painting, van Gogh’s artwork does not fully resemble the heaps of wheat because of the color and daubs of paint that make up the form of the wheat stacks. Diagonal lines are prevalent in this painting, signifying movement and suggesting

Role of The Nurse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Role of The Nurse - Essay Example According to the study a nineteen year old was presented in a dazed and confused state to the emergency ward, as a result of an automobile accident. Physical and radiological examination suggested that there was internal abdominal haemorrhage that would require immediate surgical intervention. The teenager refused treatment and wanted to go home. The emergency physician instructed the emergency nurse to get the boy readied for surgery and the formality of the consent form could be dealt with later.. The emergency nurse refused saying that there were legal and ethical issues involved. The consent form was not a formality, but reflected the dignity of the patient.From this paper it is clear that  the emergency nurse did act as an advocate for the young boy. Patient advocacy by nursing professionals has the tendency to enhance inter-professional conflicts in healthcare and yet, as advocacy is an integral part of nursing, the nursing professional has to stand up for these rights of the patient and expect support from the healthcare system.  From an administrative and legal perspective beneficence is subject to autonomy in other words the patient needs to be convinced that the treatment procedures are in the individuals best interests and be a part of the decision making process and hence the need for informed consent. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) code is evolving, with the NMC code 2006 expected in 2008. Till then the NMC code of 2004 continues to be effective.  

The United States Prohibition of Alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The United States Prohibition of Alcohol - Essay Example The law of prohibition does not include the consumption and carrying of alcohol. As a result of this prohibition, the era faced a difficult time which was full of social unbalances. The illegal alcohol became the high income commodity that lead to the black marketing business during that period. The business of the racketeer was rising without any limits, in which strong and powerful groups started corrupting the agencies responsible for the enforcement of law. The demand for alcohol got sky high as it showed great potential to get smuggled. The amount required for the enforcement of forbidden law was quite much and there were little revenues generated from the taxes i.e. $500 million collection every year from the whole U.S. that inversely impacted the economy and government exchequers. In 1933, the law of prohibition of alcohol got reversed through the implementation of 21st Amendment in the constitution. The black market group ultimately lost their shares in the illegal activity i n every state of U.S as each state was enjoying the right to place their own developed rules and laws to counter the use of alcohol and the legal stores were introduced to sell the economical priced alcohol. The illicit criminal groups found it difficult to sustain their profits and started the more dangerous criminal activity by dealing in other products like narcotics and drugs. Not just the formal legal control over the use of alcohol, the colonial America had some informal majors of controlling the consumption of liquor at home and social grounds in the community by maintaining the ideals that use of alcohol is bad and not at all acceptable. It was quite clear in the minds of the people that alcohol is from the God but the negative aspects are derived from the devil along. Therefore, anyone found guilty of consuming alcohol will be punished by God and it is condemned at a greater scale. In case of failure for informal controlling techniques, the legal method was used to counter the effects. The violation was no doubt happening in U.S but the normal sobriety of the people reveals the improvement of the controlling system from formal and informal levels for the population that intakes over 3 gallon of alcohol/ person each annum. This statistic is much higher than the current rate of using alcohol. There were some details that were given by the medical experts. Dr Benjamin Rush, a psychiatrist of the 18th century stated that during the period of 1784, that high consumption of (r is harmful for the physical health as well as physiological health. His idea was related to the moderate consumption instead of complete forbidden (Gerritsen 165). Under the influence of the revelation of Benjamin rush, 200 farmers of Connecticut community created an association in 1789. Same kinds of formations were developed in other states like Virginia in 1800 and in network in 1808. In the next ten years, other associations were formed in more than eight states of U.S. out of whi ch there were some that were accepted to the state level. In 1840, the prohibition movement or dry movement was initiated and expanded by the pietistic religious dominations; the most important one was the Methodists (Gann 358). During the years of 1830 and 1840, most of the associations that were formed started believing in the fact that the only way to avoid the state

Managerial Accounting Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managerial Accounting Practices - Essay Example Claire’s Antiques may have to sell its products at a discount or even at a loss to liquidate its inventory. To reduce inventory costs, management is considering implementing a "Just In Time" inventory management system. If this JIT inventory strategy gets implemented then Claire’s Antiques would see a good improvement on the return on investment as there would be a reduction in the in-process inventory and its associated costs. It is essential to implement it correctly and utilize it optimally because if there is any disruption at any given point in the supply chain, then all production grinds to a halt. The internal specifications presented in this report are sufficiently logical and enable good economic decision making. For example, specific reporting periods may be replaced with access to real-time data that enable quick response to changing conditions. And, forecasted outcomes become much more critical for planning purposes. Likewise, cost information should be disseminated in such a way that we can focus on different manufacturing processes such as design, material acquisition, assembly, testing and so on. -> Cost/Volume/Profit Analysis: Claire’s Antiques deals with multiple products, and thus offers a diverse product line, and the individual products have different selling prices, contribution margins and contribution margin ratios. As such in Claire’s Antiques case, the bedroom suites have a higher profit margin when compared to other products, but at the same time it also has a lower sales volume. ... contribution margins and contribution margin ratios. As such in Claire's Antiques case, the bedroom suites have a higher profit margin when compared to other products, but at the same time it also has a lower sales volume. Yet the firm's total fixed cost picture would be the same, no matter the mix of products sold. There are few assumptions which could be considered here : Costs can be segregated into fixed and variable portions The linearity of costs is preserved over a relevant range (i.e., variable cost is constant per unit, and fixed cost is constant in total) Revenues are constant per unit and multiple-product firms meet the expected product mix ratios One additional assumption is that inventory levels are fairly constant, with the number of units produced equaling the number of units sold. If inventory levels fluctuate, some of the variable and fixed product costs may flow into or out of inventory, with a variety of potential impacts on profitability -> Job Costing: Determining the cost data for products and services are the end results of productive processes. Multiple processes are required to bring about a deliverable output. A logical starting point for job costing is to track the direct labor to specific jobs. It is required to capture the time spent on each job by each employee on a tracker .This would allow cost assignment to specific jobs. The next important thing would be to keep a detailed record of the materials released to each job. As such, in the case of manufacturing a clock, the materials used is solid oak wood, glass door, clock mechanism and pendulum. The information gathered provides essential documentation to safeguard and track

The Automobile Industry in the Early 1900s Essay

The Automobile Industry in the Early 1900s - Essay Example Nonetheless, the automobile continues its role of an everyday necessity in developing countries and in the third world. As the Economist states the current situation: The car industry makes nearly 60 million cars and trucks every year and employs millions of people around the world. Products are responsible for almost half the world’s oil consumption and their manufacture uses up nearly half the world’s annual output of glass and rubber and 15% of steel. The car industry is the epitome of mass production, mass marketing and mass consumption involving some of the strongest brands in the world. However, in America, Europe and Japan, where over 80% of the world’s cars and trucks are sold, the industry has been running out of growth (The Economist, 2004). Despite the fact that the earlier inventions of the automobile were done in Europe, the city of Detroit in the United States played an important role in the evolution of the automobile industry. Since as early as the 1920’s Detroit has been called â€Å"The Motor City† in acknowledgement of the historical milestones and current achievements it has had in this regard. Although Henry Ford is well known for greatly adapting the assembly line to change how the car was made, the concept was invented by Oldsmobile pioneer Ransome Olds. Ford took that basic concept and improved on it by adding a conveyor belt, and with it, efficiency and mass production took place. At the turn of the century, cars were being invented and produced in a very small-scale manner, many of which took place in backyards of homes mostly in Europe and in US states such as Michigan. In 2000, Wibbeling and Heng describe the period thus: The beginning of the automobile industry was characterized by craft production. The organizations were extremely decentralized and many of the skilled craftsmen were their own bosses, service as independent contractors within a plant. This mode of

World Economies Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

World Economies - Article Example evident increases in purchasing power, global economies have been noted to potentially increase their products to America and other developed nations, which in turn, could further buoyed too much optimism of economic growth. The danger, according to the information, was that other economies could become too complacent and forget the fact that there are still other important economic aspects that need to be addressed. The perception of growth in world economies could apparently drive complacency to a point where more important economic reforms could be forgotten or stalled. One agrees with this assertion given that based on reported experiences on world economies, good news would usually put economic legislators into a momentary status quo since positive growth rates apparently indicate that economic measures have been effective in achieving economic targets. However, it could be deduced that the interconnected nature of world economies should put each economy into assuming a proactive stance at looking beyond current positive patterns and anticipating what these potentials could impact on future economic conditions. In fact, globally, the problem on jobs continue to exist and remain to be a persistent problem that needs to be addressed; despite positive patterns in various economic indicators. "Why optimism may be bad news." 4 January 2014. The Economist. http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21592613-good-news-about-global-growth-risks-pushing-interest-rates-up-and-politicians-appetite-reform. 14 February

Questionnaire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Questionnaire - Essay Example All fully engaged employees have a deep rooted bond with the organization and they develop feelings of loyalty, control, trust and empowerment at work. Such personnel are able to identify vital business opportunities required for growth and have the willpower of committing value added personal and emotional energies mandatory for excelling in the professional life (Sanders, 2012). For the organization, employee engagement is a crucial element as it enhances its efficiency which increases the customer satisfaction, lowers the employee turnover and boosts the productivity rate (ADP Research Institute, 2012). The questionnaire is designed to get your viewpoint about the organization’s working conditions. You are required to give honest, true and fair opinion about the following statements. In front of each statement, select the box which is an indication of your opinion related to the statement. The main purpose of all of these questions is to get an insight about the employee’s feeling about the work and value within the organization. With the help of this questionnaire, the company will be able to determine the effectiveness of employee engagement within the business and monitor the results over a period of time. ADP Research Institute. (2012). Employee satisfaction vs. Employee engagement: Are they the same thing? Retrieved February 24, 2014 from

Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Christianity - Essay Example The roots of the Christian faith are related to Old Testament Judaism. As far as according to the Scriptures Jesus was circumcised and raised as a Jew, he hallowed the Torah and all the required holytide, and visited synagogue on the Sabbath (Saturday). The apostles and other early followers of Jesus were Jews as well. In just three and a half years after the crucifixion of Christ Christianity began to spread among the nations. Christianity as a religion has three main churches which are the most major stakeholders of the world religion. The split of Christian Church, which took place in the period between sixties of IX century and fifties of XI century, led to the creation of two different churches: Orthodox and Catholic. Another newer movement of Christian religion appeared in the middle of XVI century in Europe and was called Protestantism. The three churches have the same faith direction, although certain crucial nuances their doctrines are based on are different. Christianity in general is based on the Old Testament, dating back to Abraham; the tradition of the religion honors one God (monotheism) who is considered to be the creator of the universe and mankind. However, the main brunches of Christianity also accept the idea of monotheism Trinity which means the three incarnations of God who are united by their divine nature; they are God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit (Daggers 962). Orthodox Church is the eastern branch of Christianity, which is mostly widespread within Easter Europe and less in Australia and Canada. The basis of the Orthodox doctrine is constituted by the holy Bible and the Holy Tradition which is the materials of the ecumenical councils, the writings of the Church Fathers, and liturgical practice. The roots of the doctrine come from the recognition of the triune God, the creator and ruler of the universe, the underworld, the

Wild Scenes Essay Example for Free

Wild Scenes Essay Bill Crow’s Jazz Anecdotes is a thought-provoking, often amusing collection of stories from within jazz’s inner circles, told by and about some of the genre’s leading figures. While not a history of jazz, it gives readers some insights to how jazz artists worked, lived, bonded, and coped with an America in which many were still outsiders. The book’s forty-three chapters (expanded from the original 1990 edition) describe the life jazz musicians shared, offering insights into a rather exclusive, unconventional circle of performing artists. The numerous anecdotes are categorized by chapters, gathering related tales and moving from a general overview of jazz life to anecdotes about individuals, like Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, and Benny Goodman. Essentially, Crow creates a context in which jazz musicians lived, and then places individual musicians within it, giving readers a better understanding of how they functioned in this rarified climate. For example, the volume opens with â€Å"Wild Scenes,† which Crow says describes how â€Å"the individuality of jazz musicians combines with the capricious world in which they try to make a living† (Crow 3). The brief chapter sets the stage for the rest of the book, giving glimpses of the unconventional world jazz musicians inhabited (which explains to some degree their relationship to society at large). â€Å"The Word ‘Jazz’† contains attempts to explain the origins of the genre’s name, and â€Å"Inventions† offers accounts of how certain innovations occurred (such as Dizzy Gillespie’s distinctive bent trumpet), giving the reader a sense of history though the work is not an orthodox history per se. Many of the stories contained in Jazz Anecdotes convey the musicians’ camaraderie and warmth toward each other, as well as each other’s idiosyncrasies. Others convey how difficult and often arbitrary the jazz lifestyle often was. â€Å"Hiring and Firing† demonstrates how unstable many musicians’ careers were, rife with disputes over money or dismissals for their personal quirks. (For example, Count Basie fired Lester Young for refusing to participate in recording sessions occurring on the 13th of any month. ) â€Å"Managers, Agents, and Bosses† offers a glimpse into the seamier underside of jazz, where dishonest managers and mobsters often trapped jazz performers in unfair contracts or worse. Though jazz musicians appear to inhabit a special world, Crow does not discuss jazz in a social vacuum, tying it to social phenomena like race relations. In â€Å"Prejudice,† the tales take a more serious tone by showing how black jazz artists faced abundant racism, particularly in the South. However, Crow notes that â€Å"Jazz helped to start the erosion of racial prejudice in America . . . [because] it drew whites and blacks together into a common experience† (Crow 148). Jazz artists dealt with racism in various ways – Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday stood up to it while Zutty Singleton accepted it. Meanwhile, even white musicians like Stan Smith angered both races – whites for performing with blacks, and blacks for â€Å"intruding on their music† (Crow 152). The final chapters focus on individual artists, illustrating the greats’ personalities. Louis Armstrong emerges as earthy and good-hearted; Bessie Smith as strong and willful but ultimately self-destructive; Fats Waller is an impish pleasure-seeker given to excellent music but poor business decisions; and Benny Goodman as gifted but tight-fisted and controlling. Taken as a whole, Jazz Anecdotes offers a look at jazz’s human side, including its foibles, genius, camaraderie, crookedness, and connection to an American society from which it sometimes stood apart. Its legendary figures are depicted as gifted, devoted artists who enjoyed hedonism, companionship, and particularly independence. If any single thing stands out in this book, it is the latter; for the figures in this work, jazz meant creativity and freedom, which they pursued with equal vigor and vitality. Crow, Bill. Jazz Anecdotes. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

City Pollution Essay Example for Free

City Pollution Essay 1. Describe how the use of a tall smoke stack might improve air quality near a large industrial facility. A taller smoke stack in an industrial area would improve air quality over shorter stacks. At night, when there is a temperature inversion, pollution from shorter stacks can become trapped and cannot rise any higher than the inversion’s top. The only place it can go is to spread out horizontally in all directions. This keeps all the pollutants spewing out of the stack to remain closer to the ground, lowering the air quality. A taller stack, on the other hand, would allow pollution exit above the inversion and disperse downwind. 2. How can topography contribute to pollution in a city or region? Topology can have a great impact on pollution in a region. We tend to build cities down in valleys, not on hills. Above a layer of cold air in the valleys is a warmer layer. This warm layer prevents pollution from rising which creates a layer of smog in the valley. The hills surrounding the valley act as barriers preventing winds from moving in to disperse the pollution. The same polluted air just recirculates in the valley unable to leave. 3. From where do hurricanes derive their energy? What factors tend to weaken hurricanes? Would you expect a hurricane to weaken more quickly if it moved over land or over cooler water? A hurricane’s energy comes from the transfer of both sensible and latent heat from the surface of the ocean. A cluster of thunderstorms must form around an area of low pressure for a hurricane to form. Warm water drives a hurricane, so when it moves over an area of colder water it slows down and begins to decay. A rising wind shear aloft also hinders a hurricanes momentum. Land does weaken more quickly when it makes land fall. The terrain tends to break up its wind movements, slowing it rapidly. Land also helps to suck the moisture out of the storm which further aids in its rapid decay. 4. Where is the Bermuda high located during the summer and fall? How might the path of a hurricane, moving toward the west from Africa, be affected by the Bermuda High as the hurricane approaches the United States? The Bermuda high is located in the North Atlantic Ocean and moves east and west depending on the season. In summer and fall it is located off the eastern coast of the United States, near Bermuda. In spring and winter it moves eastward and then becomes known as the Azores High. In summer and fall when there is a weak Bermuda high, it drives hurricanes up the east coast of the US. When it is stronger and located further westward, it drives hurricanes into Florida or the Gulf of Mexico. 5. How do you think pollutants are removed from the atmosphere? Does this occur quickly or slowly? Trees and plants play a large role in cleaning pollutants in out atmosphere. They trap pollutants in and release clean oxygen for us to breath. Planting more trees in a polluted industrial area can improve local air quality. Other pollutants can be carried by winds and simply settle and seep into the ground. They can also attach to water vapor, which then falls to the ground as precipitation. This is commonly referred to as acid rain. These processes do happen slowly. We, as a planet, are spewing more pollutants in the air than these natural process can handle, which has led to an ever increasing ozone layer. References Ahrens, C. D. (01/2014). Essentials of Meteorology: An Invitation to the Atmosphere, 7th Edition [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved fromhttp://online.vitalsource.com/books/9781305439733

Policing Human Trafficking: Issues

Policing Human Trafficking: Issues Written for the Home Office Challenges of policing sex trafficking Sex Trafficking is a hidden and very complex crime. On this account, the lack of awareness, knowledge and a legal definition about this crime makes, policing sex trafficking, a challenge. This briefing paper will approach the issues encountered when policing sex trafficking in the United Kingdom. Special points of interest Effectiveness of the National Referral Mechanism Support victims effectively UK Border Agency backlog Lack of authorized agencies Lack of awareness and knowledge Care for child victims Inside this issue The National Referral Mechanism Recovery Time The UK Border Agency backlog First Responders Identify victims Legislation Accommodation for Child Victims Definition of Human Trafficking According to the Palermo Protocol, the definition of human trafficking is: ‘the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power, or a position of vulnerability, or the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal or organs’ (Palermo Protocol, 2011) There are three main elements to define Human Trafficking. The movement which is the transportation or recruitment of persons, the control which reflects the coercion, use of force, threat or payment method to control a person, and the purpose thins being the exploitation of a person through forced labour, the removal of organs, slavery and sexual exploitation.(UKHTC, 2013) Human trafficking is often seen as an international cross-border, but it can also exist human trafficking within your own country. (UKHTC, 2013) The National Referral Mechanism Recovery Time The National Referral Mechanism (NRM) purpose is to identify victims of trafficking and give them protection and assistance. To be engage in the NRM process, the potential victims of trafficking will generally have to be identified by the front line practitioners or First Responders such as the police force or the UK Agency Border, etc. (UKHTC, 2013) When a potential victim of trafficking is referred to the NRM by an authorised agency, the Competent Authorities – UK Human Trafficking Centre (UKHTC) or UK Border Agency (UKBA) – has to make a ‘reasonable grounds’ decision, which is decide whether a person is a victim of trafficking even if they cannot prove it in only up to five days. (UKHTC, 2013) If the decision is positive, the potential victim of trafficking will be granted a period of 45 days to recover from the traumatic events and reflect upon decisions such as whether co-operate with the police, go home, etc. (UKHTC, 2013) Several studies have identified the serious and complex mental health needs of victims of human trafficking. Victims of sex trafficking have often experienced, or confronted with events that included actual or threatened death or serious injury (Clawson, et al, 2008). According the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the victim’s response to these events involves fear and feelings of withdrawn. The APA considers these reactions and exposure to trauma, two of the main criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD). Table 1 shows the percentage of trafficked women with these symptoms. For an official diagnosis take place, the symptoms must to persist for over a month. PTSD usually presents itself within the first three months after a traumatic event and in about half of victims, a complete recovery take place within three months (American Psychiatric Association, 2005). The UK Border Agency backlog The aims of the UKBA are the law enforcement in order to protect the national interests, protecting the UK’s border, solving crimes such as immigration, smuggling and border tax fraud, and executing fast and fair decisions. (UKBA, 2013) If a potential victim of human trafficking has an unclear immigration status the victim will be referred to the Competent Authorities in the UKBA. These Competent Authorities in the UKBA work mainly with asylum issues. Since asylum and human trafficking cases are dealt in different ways and have different processes, these two roles could create a backlog of work contradicting their duty of executing fast and fair decisions. (Victims of Human Trafficking – guidance for frontline staff, 2013) In evidence to the Centre for Social Justice, a Competent Authority of the UKBA stated that ‘It’s difficult if you’re working on asylum cases to get the other work done†¦you’re constantly interrupted.’ (2013, p.78) ‘It’s difficult if you’re working on asylum cases to get the other work  done†¦you’re constantly interrupted.’ (Centre for Social Justice, 2013) The statistics show that the UKBA in 2012 had 33,900 backlog asylum cases and 7,000 backlog immigration cases that it needs to be concluded. Table 2 shows the asylum and immigration backlog casework. Many people have waited many years to know the result of their applications. The number of asylum seekers waiting for a decision for more than six months is 53% and the 3% is the number of cases that were concluded within a year. Table 3 shows the number of dependent applicants waiting more than 6 months for an initial decision. (Parliament, 2013) First Responders All the agencies and organisations that are more likely to encounter victims of trafficking are considered the First Responders. Therefore, they are authorized agencies to refer the victims of trafficking to the NRM. The NRM was introduced in 2009 and since that, the number of authorized agencies or First Responders increased. (SOCA, 2013) Chris Good, a former Youth Offending Team Senior Practitioner of Ashfield in evidence for the Centre for Social Justice stated ‘No-one in the community completes a NRM referral ahead of remand, hence the YOT have had to do it despite being officially unable to.’(2013, p.72) The Young Offender Institutions (YOIs) have identified a number of young people within their institutions, who were not referred to the NRM and with characteristics of a victim of trafficking. The problem is that the YOIs are not authorized to refer these victims to the NRM. (The Centre for Social Justice, 2013) ‘No-one in the community completes a NRM referral ahead of remand, hence the YOT have had to do it despite being officially unable to.’ (Chris Good, former YOT Senior) Identify victims In the UK, the identification of a victim of trafficking is based on two approaches: one is based on having sufficient evidence for prosecuting the crime of traffic of human beings, and another is under the NRM. The Home Office provides a set of guidelines on how to identify victims of trafficking, but there are no formal training given to the authorities indicating what issues they must look for. (GRETA, 2012) The Minister of Immigration is who deal with the human trafficking. This could influence the misperception of what human trafficking is. However, there is evidence suggesting that even police officers have a lack of knowledge and awareness related to crimes of sex trafficking. In evidence for the Centre for Social Justice, the Deputy Chief Constable of Sussex Police stated ‘One girl escaped from a brothel and went to a police station to tell that she had been trafficked. She had no passport. Under these circumstances, we choose to arrest her for being and illegal immigrant.’ (2013, p.84) ‘One girl escaped from a brothel and went to a police station to tell that she had been trafficked. She had no passport. Under these circumstances, we choose to arrest her for being and illegal immigrant.’ Giles York, Deputy Chief Constable In 1997, the Global Alliance Against Trafficking in Women (GAATW), after conducted a research into trafficking of women, affirmed that collect evidence on crimes of women trafficking was almost impossible due to a lack of a consistent and precise definition of women trafficking and the criminal nature of prostitution. (Doezema, 2000) Generally speaking, the adversarial system existent in the UK states that a person is innocent until proven guilty. (Davies, et al., 2010) Taking this into account, having the knowledge of how to identify a victim of human trafficking is essential to support, assist and combat crimes of human trafficking. (Hope for Justice, 2013) Legislation The Sexual Offences Act 2003 under the sections 57, 58 and 59 define the trafficking for sexual exploitation a crime when, an individual traffick a person into the UK (Section 57), an individual traffick a person within the UK (Section 58) and an individual traffick a person out of the UK (Section 59). (SOCA, 2013) The Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004 define a crime for trafficking human beings within the UK if an individual arrange or facilitate the arrival into the UK of a victim, and intend or know that someone else intends, to exploit the victim in the UK or elsewhere. (Crown Prosecution Service, 2013) The fact that the requirement needed to prosecute someone for trafficking within the UK is to prove that the individual was first trafficked into the UK is a barrier for successful prosecutions. Table 2 shows the number of Human Trafficking convictions in England and Wales between 2009 and 2011 on a principle offence basis. (Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group on Human Trafficking, 2012) Accommodation for child victims After a child been identified as a victim of human trafficking they will be referred to an agency with statutory powers for child protection such as the police or the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) to provide secure safety to them. Under The Children Act 1989, section 17 the local authority has the duty to safeguard the welfare of children in their area. (Children Act 1989, 2008) The needs of a child will dictate the accommodation given by the local authorities, such as foster care, children’s homes or unsupervised care (hotels or hostels). (CEOP, 2007) Despite the fact that there is little information about on trafficked children going missing from care the APPG for Runaway and Missing Children and Adults and the APPG for Looked After Children and Care Leavers estimates that 60% of potential child victims on care by local authorities go missing and nearly two thirds are never found. (APPG for Runaway and Missing Children and Adults and the APPG for Looked After Children and Care Leavers, 2012) The APPG affirmed that one of the reason for children go missing from the care of their local authorities is ‘that they are groomed so effectively by their traffickers that the children are so terrified of what might happen to them or their families if they break their bond or tell the authorities that they run back to their traffickers.’ (2012, p.13) However, under the section 47 of The Children Act 1989 the local authorities must start an investigation if a child is ‘suffering, or is likely to suffer, significant harm’ (The Children Act 1989, section 47). Although, as it was mentioned previously in this briefing paper, the lack of knowledge by the authorities about human trafficking and, in this particular case, about trafficked children makes the identification and investigation hard to be successful. Psychological treatment for children The accommodation support is not the only failure of the government officers. As it was mentioned previously, the impact of exploitation in victims’ minds is immense and it could take years for a complete recovery. In evidence to the Centre for Social Justice, one foster carer spoke about the lack of available counsellor to support those children in her care. In a certain case, instead of wait so long for a counsellor, the foster carer decided to pay a private one with her own money. (Centre for Social Justice, 2013) The manager of the Children and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) said to the Centre for Social Justice that they have so much pressure that the most difficult cases tend to stay behind. (Centre for Social Justice, 2013) Conclusion This briefing paper explored several points where policing human trafficking in the UK is failing and how it could be improved. The need of a more specific definition of human trafficking is an important step to raise awareness and increase knowledge among the public and all the government officers in order to give an effective response to victims of trafficking. Victims of exploitation are very vulnerable persons, and for that reason, First Responders need to have a practical training to understand how to deal with a victim of exploitation. Having specialized government officers at places where there is a large likelihood of finding victims of trafficking is essential. With proper training the officers will increase the chance of prosecute and convict offenders of human trafficking. The law in the UK for human trafficking should be defined in one way and not in several parts thereby creating confusion for those who deal with trafficked victims. Have the knowledge on how to support and take care of child and adults victims of trafficking is essential to prepare them for a new life and to gain ability to prosecute offenders with success. Give psychological support to both adult and children should be well implemented to protect the national interests. Recommendations Define the number of days depending on the intensity of trauma of the victims of trafficking Divide the immigration, asylum and human trafficking cases between different departments within the UK Border Agency Increase the number of agencies with authority to refer victims of trafficking to the National Referral Mechanism The Minister of Immigration should no longer deal with human trafficking cases and pass that administration to Policing and Criminal Justice Minister in the Home Office. Provide more practical training for First Responders Create awareness and sensitize the public and First Responders Make sure that First Responders are aware of what human trafficking is and how to respond to victims of human trafficking. Reinforce policing in after care of children victims of trafficking Supply faster counselling to children References American Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (2010) Evidence-Based Mental Health Treatment for Victims of Human Trafficking. Available at: http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/07/humantrafficking/mentalhealth/index.pdf (Accessed: 5 May 2013) APPG (2012) Report from the joint Inquiry into children who go missing from care. Available at: http://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/tcs/u32/joint_appg_inquiry_-_reportpdf (Accessed: 20 May 2013) Centre for Social Justice (2013) It Happens Here. Centre for Social Justice. Available at: http://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/UserStorage/pdf/Pdf%20reports/CSJ_Slavery_Full_Report_WEB(5).pdf (Accessed: 10 May 2013) CEOP (2007) A Scoping Project on Child Trafficking in the UK. London: Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre Available at: http://polis.osce.org/library/f/2973/1500/GOV-GBR-RPT-2973-EN-1500 (Accessed: 20 May 2013) Clawson, H. J., Dutch, N. M., and Williamson, E. (2008). National symposium on the health needs of human trafficking: Background document. Washington, DC. Crown Prosecution Service (2013) Human Trafficking and Smuggling. Available at: http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/h_to_k/human_trafficking_and_smuggling/#a10 (Accessed: 16 May 2013) Davies, M., Croall, H. and Tyrer, J. (2010) Criminal Justice. (4th edn.) Harlow: Longman Doezema, J. (2000). ‘Loose or Lost Women? The Re-emergence of the Myth of White Slavery in Contemporary Discourses of Trafficking in Women.’ Gender Issues 18(1): 23-50. GRETA (2012) Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by the United Kingdom. Strasbourg: Cedex Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/download.action;jsessionid=gzYqRMcKJNWh9Tx9Thjv69Cs9mmWpwLvgX38LkPQFG51ssv11Th3!1062222535?nodePath=%2FPublications%2FGRETA_Report+United+Kingdom+2012_en.pdffileName=GRETA_Report+United+Kingdom+2012_en.pdf (Accessed: 10 May 2013) Hope for Justice (2013) Human Trafficking Briefing. Available at: http://hopeforjustice.org.uk/human-trafficking-briefing#human-trafficking-briefing (Accessed: 1 May 2013) Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group (2012) First annual report of the Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group on Human Trafficking. Home Office Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/118116/human-trafficking-report.pdf (Accessed: 20 May 2013) Legislation.gov.uk (2008) Children Act 1989. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/41/contents (Accessed: 20 May 2013) Parliament (2013) The work of the UK Border Agency (July-September 2012). Home Affairs. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmhaff/792/79205.htm#023 (Accessed: 10 May 2013) SOCA (2013) An Overview of Human Trafficking. Available at: http://www.soca.gov.uk/about-soca/about-the-ukhtc/an-overview-of-human-trafficking (Accessed: 1 May 2013) SOCA (2013) National Referral Mechanism. Available at: http://www.soca.gov.uk/about-soca/about-the-ukhtc/national-referral-mechanism (Accessed: 1 May 2013) SOCA (2013) Sexual Offecences Act 2003. Available at: http://www.soca.gov.uk/about-soca/about-the-ukhtc/relevant-legislation/sexual-offences-act-2003 (Accessed: 1 May 2013) The Palermo Protocol (2011) The Palermo Protocol. Available at: http://www.palermoprotocol.com/general/the-palermo-protocol (Accessed: 1 May 2013) UKBA (2013) Our Organisation. Available at: http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/aboutus/organisation/  (Accessed: 5 May 2013) UKBA (2013) Victims of Trafficking – guidance for frontline staff. Home Office. Available at: http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/modernised/cross-cut/protecting-vulnerable/04-victimstrafficking?view%253DBinary.28357810ECEA7B1C20CBF76CFF49144E.html (Accessed: 5 May 2013) Is Memory a Constructive and Active Process? Is Memory a Constructive and Active Process? Joane Cree Memory is a constructive and active process’ Evaluate this claim, drawing upon evidence from Chapter 8. of Book 1, Mapping Psychology Memories are part of people that grow and develop overtime, through everyday life and the[p1] experience that they have. They are vital in that they tell people how to react to certain situations and the people that they encounter along the way. Memories can allow people to effectively cope with social situations, and choose the best behaviour to suit the situation. They allow people to remember rules or safety information, to keep themselves and other safe. A lot of the feelings about a situation that people have come from previous knowledge of how they felt or what happened to them at that time. They can make experiences more stressful, but they can also build up confidence or make them feel more nervous. Memories provide people with information to allow them to make decisions, they allow them to plan their lives and help them to understand their own personalities as well as others. Therefore they are apart of the people they are and the people that they will become. This essay wil l look at memory as being a dynamic and active process rather than just a mechanism for storing information. A cognitive perspective on memory is not easy to investigate, as it cannot be observed directly. A variety of methods are used to provide evidence and explanations into understanding structures and theories of the mind. These include controlled laboratory experiments, quasi-experiments, field experiments, diary studies and cross-sectional studies, using insider as well as outsider viewpoints. Useful comparative information can be found by looking at case studies of memory deficits. Memory researchers have developed various theories to help to understand what regions of the brain are involved in making memories, and memory operating processes, how memories are constructed and how these are not always remembered exactly in the memory as they happened. They provide an illustration on how we are constituted by experiences and how this affects behaviour. You need a reference to Pheonix here (Pheonix 2007) Researchers have found three key memory processes, which work together to process information. These include encoding processes, storage processes and lastly retrieval processes. A(s a)ll three of these processes work with each other, but how well the information is remembered depends on how well it was encoded. Encoding information involves putting information into the memory to store it. Using a visual appearance, a sound of a word or the meaning of the word, or a skill action, which is then transferred into a code. Once an experience is coded, storage processes retain the coded information in the memory, and it is then used to form internal representations, when it is matched with something seen.( Using the retrieval process the information is) Retrieval involves taking (en) from the memory store. It is then recognised and recalled by the memory. Research completed by William James (1890), looked at a primary memory permitting conscious activity in the mind and also a secondary m emory which was responsible for storing the knowledge. Further research provided three sub-sections, sensory memory, short term and long-term memory Need another reference to Brace and Roth here. Memory is active, can be selective and constructive[p2], but the memory does depend on the brain functioning, and memory research has shown that experiences and ongoing cognitive functions can affect the brain biologically. Experiences in the environment can also contribute to our biological being. Leading researcher Albert Bartlett believed in constructive memory, and he rejected the idea that memory involves us replaying peoples experiences of the past. This again suggests that memories grow though out peoples lives. Bartlett completed a study involving a story ‘The war of the ghosts’, from this study Bartlett found when they were asked to recall this story, that the story they told was different to the original one. He believed the errors to the story were the result of going beyond what was explicitly stated in the story. Bartlett later suggested from his research that when we are given new materials, we use previous knowledge/ past experience to make sense of it, â €˜effort after meaning’. His work demonstrated how the information stored in the memory and its accuracy could be affected by people’s own knowledge and experience of their life. His ideas have lead to further research taken place into the memory being a constructive rather than a reproductive process. That the memory is more active and has different components, not just a store for information. Future memories will not be exactly the same as past ones, the memory of an event can change over time when given new information, so it needs to be flexible. Memories of past events can be re constructed so may not be accurate in how it is remembered or recalled. This is a constructive rather than a reproductive system. Another argument by researchers is that experiences become memories and memories become structure, they are however inter- linked. Both of these making a person who they are, both biology and experiences influence memory. As neither biology or experience provides us with the full story. Research into memory has shown that the experiences that people have and people’s ongoing cognitive functions can be seen to affect the brain biologically. Studies into memory processes and structures provide evidence of how we are constituted by experiences around us. However having knowledge of an experience provide us with stimulation in order to cue a memory. It is believed that memory can be enhanced, and people can actively help their memory retain information. The theory by Craik and Lockhart (1972 cited in Brace and Roth 2007) in the levels of processing theory suggest that the retention of material in dependent on how deeply it was processed when encoded. They suggested that just copying down words without any meaning, would mean that the words would only be encoded at that level. Words with a meaning is encoded at a ‘deeper level’ so will therefore by more likely to be retained. This is because the brain is processing information more intensively, actively linking meaning to other stored material. Craik and Lockhart also looked at how the brain can memorise information by repeating information, with out further meaning behind it. These are all active processes. An example can be seen in an experiment by both Carik and Lockhart, based on this theory, the theory of processing investigation found that the participants rem embered more when told to remember the set of items. It was discovered by researchers that memory recall can be improved by using cues or prompts to retrieve information, so would suggest the memory is an active process which can be improved, therefore illustrating flexibility of the mind. It is the dynamic side of the memory that allows us to develop techniques to aid in remembering information. However a memory can also make errors, and often the memory can fail. But imperfections tell us that memory is not just a reproduction of past experences, and that it is a constructive process. Pieces of information from different sources come together to create the memory. Brace N at al, ‘Mapping Psychology’ P 170‘memory is an active, selective and constructive (rather then passive) process that is influenced by our previous knowledge, our emotional state and the social dynamics of the current situation’. The memory does not always work correctly, though sometimes this can be just temporary. Research into memory deficits tells us that parts of a damaged brain can be compensated for by other parts of the brain allowing for new memories and learning, again an active process. Another example of this is when memories are damaged or failing, as the memory can compensate to allow for this. By studying atypical memories it allows researchers to understand how the memory works and what part of the brain works with what memory processes. Memory[p3] is different among different people with different factors influencing its efficiency, such as knowledge and experiences (. Memories) and are personal to people with new memories being created all the time, as in life people continue to learn to adapt to the world around them. It could be said that memory is laid down biologically but is the outcome of the experiences people have. Memories can be changed and are not a total record of an experience (, as memories) not only because they can often fade (Memories) but because they can (also) be changed or elaborated (when they are recalled) , suggesting that they are not fixed and have a degree of plasticity/flexibility as they can change and develop. We can also actively employ techniques to help us remember information. Therefore this would mean that the memory is active rather then it being simply a store for information. Word Count 1, 431 Reference: Brace, N and Roth I (2007) Memory: structures, processes and skills. In Miell, D Pheonix, A and Thomas K. Mapping Psychology. Milton Keynes. The Open University Good end of essay referencing. [p1]  Whilst it is good that you have made it clear how important memory this good be very much summarised. The terms that most need defining are â€Å"constructe† and â€Å"active†. You need to tell the reader how you mean to tackle the question i.e. what evidence you will use. [p2]  Some explanation, and perhaps an example of what is meant by constructive is needed here. [p3]  This conclusion is reasonably well focused on assessing the claim, and summarises your points fairly well in relation to individual differences, interaction between biology and experience, plasticity and employing techniques. Superoxide Dismutase: Oxidative Stress Superoxide Dismutase: Oxidative Stress SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE: OXIDATIVE STRESS Sebastian, Jay Francine A. and Feliciano, Angel P. III INTRODUCTION Superoxide Dismutase or SOD is an enzyme that has a metal-containing antioxidant. It reduces any harmful free radicals of Oxygen or O2 forming during a normal metabolic cell state that it will form oxygen or O2 and Hydrogen peroxide. Its name originated from dismutation which means simultaneous oxidation and reduction, with that being said Supeoxide Dismutase belongs to the enzyme class Oxido-reductases. To which this enzyme catalyzes an oxidation reaction and reduction reaction. Oxidation is a reaction that increases oxygen bonding and/or decreases hydrogen bonding, while reduction is a reaction that increases hydrogen bonding and/or decreases oxygen bonding. This enzyme can be found with all living cells, but for medicinal use the enzyme is extracted specifically from cows. It can be taken as a shot as a pain treatment and inflammation caused by Arthritis. It can also be used as a shot for tolerance of radiation therapy, improves rejection rates of kidney transplants and minimizes heart damage from heart attacks.(1) SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE The Structure: Superoxide Dismutase The Cell wall not to be mistaken as the cell membrane is located outside the said cell membrane. It is described to be tough and rigid but flexible. It surrounds certain cells like: plants, fungi (like mushrooms), prokaryotes (like bacteria) and eukaryotes (like mammals). This acts as a support, protection and as a filter for unwanted foreign substances. The cell wall benefits from superoxide dismutase. Superoxide dismutase aids to the reproduction of yeast. The cell functions against cell wall-perturbation. Cell wall-perturbation is caused by oxidative stress and the superoxide dismutase aids as an antioxidant. This being said the yeast cell may be able to bud and reproduce due to the protection of superoxide dismutase. (2) Supeoxide dismutase can be found in the dermis and the epidermis. It can also be found in a Siberian chaga mushroom or CHAGA for short. It is abundant of SOD antioxidants. Superoxide dismutase is associated with Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn) and Iron (Fe). It many cases this is a metabolic enzyme due to it being an antioxidant. (3) Copper, Zinc Superoxide dismutase also known as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) this enzyme is located within humans and is soluble. This structure displays that Cu,Zn Superoxide dismutase is embedded within this enzyme. This is located in the cytosol, nucleus, peroxisomes, and mitochondrial intermembrane space of eukaryotic cells and in the periplasmic space of bacteria. The enzyme within humans is described to have a 32-kDa homodimer, with 1 copper and 1 zinc binding site per 153-amino acid subunit. Each monomer based on a ÃŽ ²-barrel motif and has 2 large functional loops, to which they are called electorstatic and zinc loops. This encases the metal binding region. The crystal structure of metal bound dimeric human SOD1. Copper and zinc ions are shown as blue and orange spheres. The zinc loop is seen in the orange coloured structure and the electrostatic loop in a blue colour. The intrasubunit disulfide bond is seen as red. A hydrogen bond network stabilizes the structure around the metal ions and links the metal-binding sites to portions of the protein (Fig. 1.). Metal binding region in SOD1 is contained within each subunit and has 1 copper and 1 zinc binding site in close enough to share an imidazolate ligand. (4) Figure 1. Structure of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase or SOD1 (4) Figure 2 displays Iron, Manganese superoxide dismutase also known as superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2) this is located within humans. In this enzyme Fe,Mn- superoxide dismutase can be found embedded in this particular enzyme. This enzyme producess a mitochondrial protein to which it will form a homotetramere. It also binds 1 manganese ion per subunit. This protein binds with the superoxide byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation. it will convert it to hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. This enzyme can also be located within a bacteria E. coli. Crystal structures have been solved at high resolution for Fe,Mn- Superoxide dismutase. E. coli MnSOD described to have a homodimer, while in humans and T. thermophilus Fe,Mn- Superoxide dismutase are homotetramers. The subunits are composed of 2 domains, an all-a N-terminal domain and an a/b C-terminal domain (Fig. 2.). Known residues that only appear to be in Mn- Superoxide dismutase families, to which are expected to represent groups for cata lytic function. Four of these are H26, H81, D167, and D171 in E. coli Mn-SOD sequence numbering. These are metal ligands. 2 more, H30 and Y34, form a gateway to an active site, and another, E170, is found in the outer sphere of a metal binding site.(5) Figure 2. E. coli Manganese superoxide dismutase displays the homodimer (5) Superoxide dismutase, Extracellular matrix or EC-SOD described to be tetrametric, a hydrophobic glycoprotein. It can be located in the extracellular fluid. This includes the plasma and the extracelluar matrix of tissues. This can be located within the human body; in the heart, pancreas, and lungs. This enzyme shows some similarities with Cu,Zn- Superoxide dismutase. It also suppresses LDL oxidation. It also provides protection of the lungs from inflammation. It can remove H2O2 in the extracellular space. The crystallographic structure of tetrameric human SOD3 enzyme complexed with copper or Cu (orange) and zinc or Zn (grey) cations. The protein secreted inside the extracellular space, forms a glycosylated homotetramere that it is anchored in the extracellular matrix. The cell surfaces through the interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycan and collagen. Part of the protein is pushed near the C-terminus before it secretes to generate a circulating tetramers that does not interact in th extracellular matrix. (Fig. 3.). (6) Figure 3. Superoxide dismutase, extracellular matrix (6) Mechanism of Catalysis, Kinetics of Reaction and Mode of Regulation The overall reaction mechanism of superoxide dismutase is a ping- pong like reaction. It is because this reaction is reversible. As it displays in this formula: Ezox + O2 + H+ ↔ Ezred(H+) + O2(1)Ezred(H+) + O2 + H+ ↔ Ezox + H2O2 (2) This can be done by Fe, Mn and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutases (SODs). Where Ezox and Ezred is Cu2+Zn2+ and Cu+Zn2+, Fe3+ and Fe2+, Mn3+ and Mn2+, Ni3+ and Ni2+ to which it is derived from Cu,Zn, Fe and Mn-SODs. This is a simple redox reaction. The display of oxidation and or reduction from oxidative stress and oxidative free radicals. That being said it reduces oxygen and increases hydrogen and vice versa. The first reaction displace an oxidation from the addition of oxygen and reduction of hydrogen. The 1st reaction gives enough energy to produce a 2nd reaction. To which the same process is done, but with the give product. Notice that the reaction displays the predicted outcome of superoxide dismutase to with both produced oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. This shows a stopped-flow kinetic measurements. The peroxide complex forms, it effectively inactivates the enzyme in a balanced state. This peroxide complex is described to be an isomer of the peroxy intermediate. It being formed when a turnover occurred, and the conversion of a dead-end complex demonstrates the solvent isotope effect less. This suggests that the proton transfer to productive peroxy anion complex prevented the formation of the dead-end complex. A close balance between oxidative and reductive rates is displayed to be quite important for an efficient cycle of the enzyme to which a turnover occurred. (Fig. 4.). (7) Figure 4. Manganese-Superoxide dismutase kinetic cycle (5) In the mechanism of superoxide dismutase catalyzed by copper dihistidine complex. An observation of the complex between superoxide and copper dihistidine wasnt observed due to the dismutation if superoxide catalyzed by copper complex requires such a complex. Notably, amino acid residues which are located near the active site have an effect on the enzymatic dismutation. Derivatization of Arg-141 which is positioned only 6 A away from the copper ion, diminishes the activity of the enzyme approximately by 10% of its original value. Also 7 to 8 lysine residues diminishes the activity of the enzyme and also inverts the dependence of its activity in ionic strength. Amino acid residues near the active site play an important role in the Mechanism of superoxide dismutase. Lysine provides an attractive electrostatic field or superoxide anion. While the rest of the residues play a role in directing the superoxide anion to the active site. (8) Associated Diseases and Application Super Oxide Dismutase is an enzyme present in all living cells. This enzyme speeds up a certain chemical reaction in our body. Super Oxide dismutase is usually extracted from cows. In can be taken by the mouth for removing wrinkles and for rebuilding or repairing tissues. Super Oxide dismutase can be also injected in our body. It is usually used in treating gout, sports injuries, osteoarthritis, cancer and lung problems for a newborn baby. It also helps in toleration with radiation therapy. It also helps in treating people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease and cataracts. Some researchers found that super oxide dismutase has a potential to be used as an anti-aging treatment. (9) Lou Gehrig’s disease, a fatal degenerative condition in which motor neurons are destroyed, is now known to be caused by mutation in gene that codes for cytosolic Cu-Zn isozyme of SOD. Red blood cells are usually protected because they possess high concentrations of Cu-Zn SOD, catalase, and gluthathione peroxidase, and a very active pentose phosphate pathway. (10) REFERENCE â€Å"Superoxide Dismutase†. 2014. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://www.webmd.com â€Å"Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase is required for cell wall structure and for tolerance for cell wall-perturbing agents in Saccharomyces cerevisiae†. 2010. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089158490200905X?np=y â€Å"Why does CHAGA aid in the relief of: Cancer†. 2005. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://www.carner.ws/testit â€Å"Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis†. 2005. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/nbio146/readings/Selverstone05.pdf â€Å"Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD)† by Jun Luo. 2001. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/corefacilities/esr/education/2001/3/LuoJ-paper3.pdf â€Å"Superoxide dismutase 3, extracellular (SOD3) variants and lung function†. 2009. Retrieved 06 September 2014 from http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/content/37/3/260 â€Å"Superoxide dismutases: active sites that save, but a protein that kills† by Miller, A. 2004. Retrieved 06 September 2014 from http://www.chem.uky.edu/research/miller/afm_papers/1.pdf â€Å"On the mechanism of action of superoxide dismutase: a theoretical study†. 1984. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00331a048?journalCode=jacsat â€Å"Superoxide Dismutase Benefits One of the Most Important Things You Can Do To Live Longer†. 2011. Retrieved 06 September 2014 from http://undergroundhealthreporter.com/superoxide-dismutase-benefits-help-you-live-longer/#ixzz3CbtGdYqF Mckee, T. Mckee, J. R. (2003) Biochemistry: the molecular basis of life 3rd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 14 August 2014 Weapons Of Mass Destruction | Terrorism Weapons Of Mass Destruction | Terrorism The cause of concern for any terrorists attack since the post cold war era has been unprecedented. Such concern has increased of late as the disintegration of erstwhile Soviet Union has left many nuclear, chemical and biological weapons in the hands of nations, who are finding it hard to ensure their two ends meet and to secure these weapons. So, these weapons are vulnerable in the hands of these nations, as any terrorist organisation would be looking out to materialise on such issues and acquire these Weapons of Mass Destruction. The chapters so far has brought out the various facets of terrorism using Weapon of Mass Destructions. Though the terrorists activities or incidents involving Weapon of Mass Destructions is miniscule as compared to incidents involving conventional weapons, any attack by terrorists using Weapon of Mass Destructions cannot be overlooked. The growing high end incident violence and the terrorists willingness to inflict mass casualty to general public is a pointer in the direction where terrorism is headed. The weapon of mass destruction is the buzz word for the terrorists, as with small effort, they inflict a larger damage. With the disintegration of the erstwhile Soviet Union, fissile material or Chemical and Biological agent reaching a terrorists hand is not a remote possibility, especially for a state sponsored or well funded terrorist groups. In respect of India, the recent turmoil in Pakistan and the terrorist groups not recognising the government is a reminder of a Weapon of Mass Destructions attack in India becoming a reality. The terrorists can exploit the use of Weapons of Mass Destructions by either theft/ buying it from one of the states which is either in need of money or are harbouring terrorism. It is important that the world realise today that the threat from Weapon of Mass Destructions use by terrorist is imminent, and we should not be caught off guard and wanting in this regard. The starting point will include developing comprehensive plan involving the understanding the nuances of use of Weapon of Mass Destructions by terrorists and the groups. The starting point in this case would be to have something on lines of Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), as started by the USA. We need to identify the terrorists groups, which are most likely to use Weapon of Mass Destructions, and ban the outfit, freeze their funding and try and catch the leaders of these groups. India on their hand can start of on this mission, by firstly increasing the vigilance on the borders, increasing public awareness, and above reinforcing the existing security at its nuclear, chemical and biological plants, where a terrorist group may lay their hand on. Amongst other things which has aspired terrorism, nationalist terrorism, religious extremism and aggressive separatism are the most significant one. Nationalist terrorism is employed by a group of people with a common identity to achieve independence from the ruling power. Religious extremism is driven by the belief that violent actions against any state is not only fulfilling the Gods will, but also freeing mankind from evil in the world. The poor countries of North Africa and Arab states are of the opinion that the western world doesnt want these countries to become rich. The liberal and open economy of developed nations is often taken as being against these poor nations, thus leading to religious extremism. To ensure that such kind of terrorism does not spring up, the gap between the rich and poor nation needs to be reduced. The modern terrorism frightens people with its ability to employ high technological weapon such as Biological, Chemical, or even Nuclear devices. The use of biological agent cannot ruled out, no matter how much repugnant it may be. Biological agents have been known to have been made few state actors, and it could have easily been passed on to the non state actors, fighting for similar cause. If a biological threat was not taken seriously, it would be a bad bargain for any state. Reasonable protective measures would demand increased attention. Chemical weapons or agents are an effective military tool and can be easily be defined as an instrument of terror. Many countries have since end of the World War II has invested in the chemical agents however most of them claim to have discarded these weapons. The chemical weapon use by terrorists may be less effective as compared to other Weapons of Mass destruction, but it will have a huge impact on the morale and psychological effect, in addition to political impact. The basic technology for development of chemical agents would be same as that required for civilian use. This dual use technology for chemical agent pose a significant danger if they are diverted for weapons production, and any improper or illegal use cannot be found out easily. Bio terrorism is more likely than ever before and far more threatening than explosive or chemical. Preventing and countering bio terrorism is extremely difficult. Detection or interdiction of those intending to use bio weapon is next to impossible. Terrorists are likely to use the rapidity of casualty reached due to unexpected and non available diagnostic and therapeutic support needed. We are ill prepared to deal with such terrorist attacks. A chemical release is far more manageable than the biological challenge posed by Small pox or Anthrax. The spectre of Biological weapon is an ugly one, every bit as grim as that of a nuclear winter. The resource availability in the poor countries being at premium shall make them a vulnerable target that shall be unable to cope with the magnitude of such casualties. On the immediate horizon knowing well that what little can be done under such attacks, a mammoth task lies before us and a cruel opportunity with terrorist groups to exploit it to the ir advantage. The chances of a terrorist group using a nuclear weapon is less when compared to chemical and biological weapon, but any use of nuclear weapon would be profound and disastrous for a state. All countries need to be vigilant in monitoring any proliferation of nuclear weapon technology to the terrorist groups. A terrorist group would not like to use a Weapon of Mass Destruction in the first instance. This is because in destroying the entire population and devastating societies, these terrorists organisations would lose everything they have fought for so far. However, the use of such weapons by self destructive terrorists or those who are religious fanatic cannot be overlooked. The change in the nature of the threat requires changes in the way we organize our resources to provide for the common defence. To cope with the new threat will require new doctrines and innovative technologies, improved intelligence and law enforcement, and better cooperation with like-minded governments. The three-pronged strategy I have described is both within our reach and within our budget. Of course we will have to refocus our priorities, and more funding will be required. But the threat of terrorist attack on American cities involving chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons has reached the point where a bold and vigorous effort is required. This is a clear and present danger to the American people that requires a timely response. Historically, much less attention has been paid to the CB terrorist threat than to its nuclear counterpart, despite the cogency of the argument that the latter is less likely to occur than the former. In the wake of the Tokyo subway attack, this has begun to change. In fact, the past couple of years have witnessed a good deal of intergovernmental consultation and enhanced domestic security measures planned or put into place throughout the Western world. Whether these will be sufficient or timely enough to prevent the next large-scale CB terrorist incident or at least to mitigate its consequences to an acceptable degree, however, remains to be seen. A robust WMD elimination capability is what all the countries require to meeting this threat and protecting from any catastrophic disaster. The hostile countries or terrorists groups would not think twice before using WMD against any country if it is assured that the country is not prepared to counter the threat.

The Disproval Of Spontaneous Generation :: essays research papers

From the beginning of time it was believed that living things could come from nonliving things. This process was known as spontaneous generation. However, in the middle of the 17th century and then through the next 100 years, this idea was disproved by three important experiments. We now know that a nonliving object or group of objects can not turn into a living organism. Spontaneous generation is impossible in the atmosphere that we have today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early 1600’s, people believed that living organisms could evolve from nonliving organisms. They proved this by saying that if a piece of meat was left out uncovered, that maggots would appear in a few days. These worms did not come from anything that they could see, so they assumed they came from the nonliving meat. In 1668, a man named Redi designed and completed an experiment that showed how this was not true. He took two pieces of raw meat, and left them out. He covered one so that nothing could get in, and left the other one open. The open one grew maggots, and the covered one did not, proving that the dead meat did not produce the worms as they had previously thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1700’s a man named Spallanzani proved Redi’s idea to a further extent. He noticed microbial growth on boiled pond water after being exposed to the air. To prove that this growth came from something living in the air, and not from the nonliving water, he designed an experiment. He boiled pond water to kill all the microbial growths. He then poured that water into two separate test tubes. He sealed one so that no air could get in, and left one open to the air. The one that was left open slowly became more and more cloudy with microbial growths. The sealed tube stayed as clear as it had been when it was boiled. This experiment proved that the growths could not come from nonliving organisms, but had to have been transported there through the air. When Spallanzani presented his results to the public, he was criticized. Other scientists said that he made the air unfit for living growth, and that they needed the air to change from nonliving to living .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pasteur did the third experiment, in 1862. He took Spallanzani’s experiment, and the critic’s statements, and combined the two. He boiled pond water to kill all the living organisms.

Learning Strategies Essay -- Education Educating Studying Essays

Learning Strategies The new year begins and Learning Strategies is on your schedule. Truly, you are probably not knowing what to expect and you think that this class is not for you. Boy, are you wrong. This class will save you plenty of time, so you better listen closely. At the end, you will leave the class wondering why no one ever showed me this. So listen up! The three most useful things that I learned in this class are: my learning style, how to take notes when reading a textbook, and how to be a more successful student at college. If you know your learning style, college will be easier. â€Å"If you discover how you process information best, you can learn things both more efficiently and in less time† (Hopper, Practicing College Study Skills, 139). This course allowed me to discover the best method for me to learn, and I got to explore the way others learned. For example, there is a test to see how you learn best. A person prefers to use their dominant left brain, right brain, or both, a person may learn best by seeing (visual), hearing (auditory), or doing (kinesthetic), and this person may like to study alone or in a group. I will give you an idea and characteristics of each: on the dominant left brain, the person is logical, make lists, and like to check things off, right brain, the person is creative, and interprets information visually, both sides of the brain equally is a combination of dominant left and right brain characteristics, a visual learning likes to see things written down, time lines, o r graphs, an auditory learner learns best by hearing, a tape recorder is a good way to learn, a kinesthetic person learns best by hands on and interaction, a person that study wells all should make sure they know the conc... ...tics won’t work, than all I have to say is you must them and prove me wrong. In the College Study Skills course I learned a whole lot more than these three things. I learned how to make a master schedule, how to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory, how to make a goal, and what is in the library at M.T.S.U. So this class is very beneficial. It is not another boring class that you’ll want to skip. This class will guide you and take you through a journey of how to become a better student. It will allow you to discover how you learn and will teach you how to save time. Now, you know what to expect in this class. The semester will end before you know it, and at the end you will see how much you actually learned. Works Cited Hopper, Carolyn. Practicing College Study Skills. Second Edition, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001.

Information Management Skills :: Technology Electronics Essays

Information Management Skills Technology changes, information management problems remain the same (Etzel and Thomas 1996). For some people, the problem is one of access--being "ex-communicated" from the information society by the economics of information technology (Fortner 1995). For others, the problem is coping with information satiation. The abundance of information channels and sources forces people to choose among an excess of options, or else they choose to concentrate on a limited but more manageable data stream (ibid.). This problem is compounded by the chronic fear of incompleteness or the intimidation of learning the mechanics of hardware and software use (Haywood 1997). In the pre-Web world, library classification systems enabled information seekers to experience both specificity and serendipity. Now, the Web has lots of serendipity but achieving specificity is more difficult (ibid.). Other information management issues are emerging in the electronic environment. Computers lend an aura of authority to the information found through them, leading users to make assumptions about the nature, quality, and comprehensiveness of what they find (Froehlich 1997; Kerka 1999). In addition, information seekers tend to give too much weight to information that has the following characteristics: readily available, consistent with past experiences, "vivid" rather than pallid, or encountered first rather than later (Froehlich 1997). Lack of restrictions and the ease with which data can be manipulated on the Internet have increased the proliferation of misinformation and the incidence of fraud (Kerka 1999). Diverse learning styles, affective states, and technical skills all have an effect on the outcome of an information search (Information Management 1998; Wang and Tenopir 1998). These factors underlie the need for information management skills. The key to information management is self-management, keeping in mind that the goal of information seeking is finding the answers to personally meaningful questions. With that goal in mind, you can release some anxiety about keeping up with everything, accept the need for continuous learning, remember that non-Internet information sources remain useful, and seek to develop both information seeking skills as well as the capacity for critical analysis, integration, and application. Etzel and Thomas (1996) recommend using an information management strategy that is derived from your personal or professional goals. In developing such a strategy, ask yourself: Will this information help fulfill my goals? When determining what to retain, remember that information is perishable and its importance decreases over time. Ask yourself: When, how, and in what situation will I use this information again?

Luxury Brand Engagement Research Write Up Essay

Brand Management is a function of marketing that uses techniques to increase the perceived value of a product line or brand over time. Effective brand management enables the price of products to go up and builds loyal customers through positive brand associations and images or a strong awareness of the brand. Developing a strategic plan to maintain brand equity or gain brand value requires a comprehensive understanding of the brand, its target market and the company’s overall vision. Brand engagement is a term loosely used to describe the process of forming an attachment (emotional and rational) between a person and a brand. It comprises one aspect of brand management. What makes the topic complex is that brand engagement is partly created by institutions and organizations, but is equally created by the perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours of those with whom these institutions and organizations are communicating or engaging with. Brand engagement between a brand and its consumers/potential consumers is a key objective of a brand marketing effort. In general, the ways a brand connects to its consumer is via a range of â€Å"touch points† — that is, a sequence or list of potential ways the brand makes contact with the individual. Examples include retail environments, advertising, word of mouth, online, and the product/service itself. It can be broadly classified into two areas- Internal and external. Internal refers to the company’s employees, franchisees, etc while external refers to the end consumers. All the consumer behavioural factors like attitudes, beliefs, society, culture and trends are studied and form an interesting part of the study unlike many other areas of research. All these factors are psychological yet emotional and drive consumer behaviour towards brands ultimately leading to sales and higher revenues. Getting there requires convincing less conscious consumers that they can have their cake and eat it too (drive positive change and indulge their needs), and teaching them to choice-edit for the most personal, planetary and societal impact. Customer involvement starts from the personal basic perspectives of goals, values, and self-awareness. Depending on the relevance of these to individuals, they are reflected in decision-making behaviours. Different product attributes cause different degrees of involvement in consumer minds. These differences of involvement result in differences when consumers make purchase decisions. Therefore, when consumers perform consuming behaviours, the extent of their involvement affects purchase intention and this is only reflected when a deeper understanding of their psychological and emotional factors is attained. It relates at an emotional level and ensures long term sustainability, revenue and growth for the brand. One of the most significant sectors where brand management plays an even more important role is Luxury. Luxury as a concept is defined within the scope of socio-psychology as a result of its connection to a culture, state of being and lifestyle, whether it is personal or collective. When linked to brands, it is characterised by a recognisable style, strong identity, high awareness, and enhanced emotional and symbolic associations. It evokes uniqueness and exclusivity, and is interpreted in products through high quality, controlled distribution and premium pricing. These core factors have led to the development of a $180 billion global industry with an uninterrupted growth for over two decades. These elements have also led to the summarisation of luxury as a ‘dream’, leading to justifiable curiosity and interest. Luxury good manufacturers offer high quality products at higher prices. At times, the quality of the actual product may not actually be very different from the low cost one, however, the brand value attached to it is high. It is for this reason that the branded product still sells at a higher price. The customer, though buys the product, actually pays for the brand. He pays for the emotional/ psychological/ physiological need that he has been able to satiate through this purchase. Also, it is worth noting that building a luxury brand can be a very tough task. It has to have the right value of consumer behavioural/ attitudinal compatibility mix for it to achieve its purpose owing to the high costs. Brand Managers for luxury products cannot over advertise their product (devalues the image) and not under advertise their product (loss in enquiries/ revenue). This interesting amalgamation of business drivers and human behaviour forms a motivating and challenging topic for research studies. Brand value measures the economic asset value of a company or product brand. It details how much of the company’s operating income and free cash flow is derived from the brand, the influence of the brand within each consumer purchase decision driver, and the associated brand risks. By linking the brand to the economics of the business at a detailed level, brand value opens the door to a number of useful applications like proving that branding offers real value, justify a proposed marketing budget, align the commercial organization, evaluate acquisition opportunities, optimal royalty rate, optimize the brand relationship to best tell the brand story, focus investments, drive higher prices, leverage brand value to lower taxes, reduce turnover and quantify the damage. It is very intriguing when we look at the financial output of the brands, grouping the companies into two categories of highly and least engaged in brand engagement. The companies who were highly engaged grew on an average of 18% in revenues over the last 12 months, compared to the least engaged companies who on average saw a decline of 6% in revenue during the same period. The same holds true for two other financial metrics, gross margin and net profit. Interbrand was recently involved in brand valuation with respect to business and the approach used is as follows:Snapshots of couple of models or indexed used has by different organizations to measure brand engagement has given under the research design section. Consumer buying behavior has changed a tremendously over the last decade and below is the Worldwide Personal Luxury Goods Market Trend (this has been discussed in detail in the industry literature review at the end) to illustrate the fact:Third year in a row of double-digit growth for the personal luxury goods market: over the 200â‚ ¬B threshold! There are various challenges that brands face over the course of their engagement tactics. The brand’s core thought or value should be in sync with the target audience. If it’s not, then there is no engagement at an emotional level. For a consumer to be engaged with the brand, he has to continuously be bombarded with the brand’s advertising or communication through various mediums. This process is very costly to the organisation as it involves various media channels and every channel (print, digital, TV, etc) has its own rate structure. The competition in every industry has further caused problems for any brand to create its importance. The consumer mind space is cluttered with messages from different brands making it even more difficult for a particular brand to register itself. Even if a consumer gets engaged, there’s no specific tool to measure the impact of the engagement on the final sales/ profits of the brand. The huge costs therefore become difficult to justify. Competition is fierce in developed economies and consumers are bombarded with offers, many of which are very similar. In such a setting, differentiation is vital and academic research has revealed that brands can build sustainable competitive advantage by increasing customer loyalty and fostering personal recommendation. However, to achieve such a sustainable competitive advantage, brands need to go beyond their traditional focus on communication and advertising and become the key to integrated client experience management. In such a scenario, it becomes even more important to build a brand that is strong in its values. It involves designing campaigns to generate intention to purchase and top of the mind awareness, various metrics to measure the effectiveness of brand campaigns, retuning parameters, redesigning the campaign and measuring the metrics again till the time the campaign reaches its desired GRPs (gross rating points). A very interesting real life example of how a brand faces a situation when it’s present engagement measures don’t work and it has to continuously make new efforts to ensure engagement with consumers is illustrated in a research paper titled ‘Luxury Brand Exclusivity Strategies’ which can be visited through this link – URL: http://dx. oi. org/10. 5430/jbar. v1n1p106. It examines how luxury fashion brands renew themselves in order to balance the exclusivity that is associated with luxury goods and with profit maximization. Using consumers’ demand theory it is shown how luxury fashion brands go through different phases to renew the perce ption of exclusivity.

Job Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Rewards:

origin Satisfaction, cash in unitys chips Environ custodyt, and Rewards Motivational Theory Revisited labr_496 1.. 23 grazing land exchange Bryan Cleal Abstract. A archetype of sourcema gladness integrating e sententiousomic and get going surround versatiles was developed and re exercise for exa pull in force interactions mingled with punishs and victimizesort surround hazards. selective bree prick came from a re give birthative panel of Danish employees. Results depicted that psycho amicable piece of head for the hills surroundings factors, the likes of learning ab ex grow decisions stircerning the gentlemans gentlemanoeuver pop out, neighborly stand, and in? uence, wealthy person signi? tint electrical shocks on the direct of speculate mirth.Maximizing reinforcers did non veritable(a) off world employees to an accomplish manpowert that amelio goernd the negative feeling on rent out cheer of experiencing mortified takes of distrib utively of these factors w hither(predicate)as in? uence did non impress teleph mavin circuit content custodyt of close employees. 1. Introduction Although argu custodytation rejoicing is non considered an frugal variable in itself, some(prenominal) studies in a advertise economic context feed loftylighted that kickoff commercial opening move content turn overt is a determinpismire of resignations from the cash in nonp beils chips belongings unwrap Akerlof et al. (1988), Blank and Diderichsen (1995), Clark et al. 1998), and Kristensen and Westergaard-Nielsen (2004). Other studies look at inst every persist(predicate)n an cushion from contemplate expiation on phenomena that argon to a greater extent than than dif? cult to observe directly, untold(prenominal) as intention to leave the officiate focalize (Bockerman and Ilmakunnas, 2005), pauperization and absenteeism (Keller, 1983 Th benou, 1993), and counterproductive behavior (Gottfredson and Holla nd, 1990). piece of w boardr milieu has been give to in? uence dig up market outcomes in harm of early retirement (see Lund and Villadsen, 2005), employee longsighted-term absence seizure from wee-wee due to illness (see Benavides et al. 2001 Hemming business smart et al. , 1997 Lund et al. , 2005), short-term sickness absence (see Munch-Hansen et al. , 2009), and productivity (see cooper et al. , 1996). Within traditional economic conjecture, accomplishment purlieu factors al busted tended to be modelled as hypothesize attri altogether ifes, seen as hazards at croak for which compensating engross oppositeials atomic number 18 to be paid. The realizableness of compensating wage oppositeials goes as far patronise as Adam Smiths book, Wealth of Nations, from 1776, where equalizing wage differentials ad plainly the interlock advantages of different stage businesss.This makes it possible to achieve commonplace labour market equilibrium when feed places, prefe rences, and technologies atomic number 18 heterogeneous. Rosen (1986) examines the various studies on the nation and ? nds designate of compensating wage differentials especi in on the wholey for somatic represents conditions, like shift bunk, heavy, dirty, or dangerous elabo gait. Other studies ? nd no elevate of compensating compensateoff differentials (see Ehrenberg and Smith, 1994) or, in exercises where ploughers do produce compensating present back ends, that the compensation does non re? ct their true preferences (see Lanfranchi, 2002). pasturage fail Bryan Cleal (author for correspondence), The National Research con penny compute for the Working Environment, Lerso Parkalle 105, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. E-mail emailprotected dk. LABOUR 25 (1) 123 (2011) DOI 10. 1111/j. 1467-9914. 2010. 00496. x JEL J6, J28, J30, J31, J45, J81 2011 CEIS, Fondazi hotshot Giacomo Brodolini and B wishing wellheadspring create Ltd, 9600 Garsington Rd. , Oxford OX4 2D Q, UK and 350 Main St. , Malden, MA 02148, USA. 2 lea Sell Bryan Cleal fit to the possible action of compensating stipend differentials, the equalization of jibe compensation is belowage on two ideal mobility of causeers and perfect dissect for acetifyers and ? rms. Both laying claims be principalable. Mobility whitethorn be, at least temporarily, limited by factors much(prenominal) as a spicy unemployment compute or family ties, quellricting avocation choice to a speci? c combine of shapess hours, render, or location. Likewise, full development get winding functional conditions, especially when drawing in psycho cordial work factors, suffer non be known in advance, but will be go through with(predicate) exclusively in the actual work situation.Under these circumstances adverse working conditions yield cast an impact on the aim of reflect rejoicing even if spunky pay be paid. The purpose of the shake written report is to identify determin ants of suppose delight in a model that contains clarify tuition on twain work purlieu and economic factors. Moreover, we wish to demonst calculate if employees constitution the equivalent take of ancestry comfort when unre puzzle out to a furious work environment in which compensations argon maximized, as comp bed with a non-hazardous work environment in which at that place atomic number 18 no compensatory rewards.The exits from the ? rst abridgment be of inte lay be perplex serious about previous studies on antic gaiety either do non let in all economic variables of inte sculptural relief, and argon cross- shargonal studies non method of accountinging for unobserved heterogeneity, or include al whizz(prenominal) few work environment factors. The second compend crumb supplement the theory of compensating wages differentials by introducing to a greater extent detailed work environment monetary standards and by testing the cap office of rewards to co mpensate workers for hazards in the work environment to an extent that ameliorates the underground cause on channel gladness.The work environment factors considered atomic number 18 all evidence- ground wellness happens factors, at that placeby twain(prenominal) long-term cases on work ability and health and short-term make on employee felicity and motivating ar considered. The selective training apply in this study argon a panel of a re depictative age root of Danish employees at twain points in quartetteth dimension, 1995 and 2000. The entropy set consists of one-on-oneistic assessments of working conditions and socio-economic selective information for 3,412 employees (when omitting observations with missing response on every of the items analysed here). The data were collected by the National Institute of Occupational health in Denmark. . Theoretical background channel joy is not an unequivocal measure but merely an indicator for a range of traff ic characteristics. Using Lockes (1976) de? nition, trick propitiation is a validatory emotional state responseing from the appraisal of ones demarcation and it is worth recalling here that such subjective data argon oecumenicly viewed with suspicion by economists. freeman (1978) states that the principal line in see responses to such questions is that they depend not yet on the objective circumstances in which an individual is situated, but in like manner on ones psychological state.Moreover, the direct of think over cheer whitethorn in like manner be in? uenced by ability thus re feeding unobservable, stead unfaltering characteristics of individuals. Earlier studies indoors geological formational psychology know risen that the aim of joke pleasure varies precise teeny over conviction, hinting that it does re? ect funda psychical stable personal dispositions (see Schneider and Dachler, 1978). This has been period-tested on a age group of German empl oyees by Dormann and Zapf (2001) in a review on the studies on the alleged stability of melodic line cheer.The result was that afterward pull stringsling for stable working conditions, the stability of line of business comfort diminishes to nonsigni? dejectionce, indicating that an underlying dispositional in? uence on billet gladness is not direct, but liaise by working conditions. This too suggests that the take aim of stemma gladness can be transferd by organizational measures. 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell publishing Ltd furrow Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Rewards 3 A oecumenic and well-known model of stemma merriment was developed by Herzberg (see Herzberg et al. 1959). He lay down that some(prenominal) speculate factors could muchover cause dis happiness or short-lasting motivation whereas new(prenominal)wise factors could advance long-lasting confirming feelings towards the furrow. If melodic line factors atomic number 18 in fact dual with attachment to their operation on calling propitiation, the rule apply for examining barter delight should account for this. If exactly testing for domineering or negative associations mingled with the covariates and furrow rapture, information on the factors organism only resourceful of ca employ either towering business concern joy or miserable occupancy rapture would most seeming be bewildered.As for the set up of compensatory rewards, this may be native and consequently separate analyses atomic number 18 undertaken here for the outcome universeness passing satis? ed with the transaction and the outcome be dissatis? ed with the commerce. Mevery of the earlier studies on logical argument gladness earn made an analytic tuberosity amongst the two sex activitys as there consistently has been stateed mel mortifieded contemplate satisfaction for women see, for framework, Sloane and Williams (2000) and Clark (1997). Where Sloane and Williams ? nd that the differences stem from men and women having different types of work, Clark ? ds that neither different clienteles, their different work sets, nor example selection accounts for the sex satisfaction differential. quite he proposes an chronicle based on well- be congenator to expectations. A man and a woman with the alike(p) stage businesss and take aims of expectations would report identical takes of trading satisfaction. notwithstanding as womens expectations are broken iner-rankinger than mens due to having been much given to work in the home, they will report spicy project satisfaction than their phallic counter move even given the same working conditions. This hypothesis is incarnateed by the ? ding that the sex activity satisfaction differential disappears for the young, the graduate(prenominal) educated, professionals and those in male-dominated work places. This can be connect to the length of time women have had an established position at the labour market, an issue that has been elevate exploited in a paper by Kaiser (2005). here Denmark, Finland, and the Netherlands are the only European countries that do not show signi? careen grammatical sex stock satisfaction differences. They argue that the gender capriole satisfaction paradox fades out in the process of modernisations of the labour market.This modernization is facilitated if the welfare state as in Scandinavia and, to a certain extent, the Netherlands subscribes equal opportunities for women and men by promoter of, for example, kindergartens and homes for the elderly people. A more re centime topic deep down this line of economic literature is based on the theory that the general welkin is likely to attract individuals with superior internal motivation to care about the recipients of frequent service or those who thrive on the fond science they might nab for contributing to an authoritative mission (Benabou and Ti b ureau, 2006).And although the visit is not fully conclusive, studies have in fact shown that semi earthally assiduous workers are slight(prenominal) cause by spicy give centering and place a racyer rank on the congenital rewards than employees at stub the non universal area. They are prepared to work for a demoralize overall pay direct than is the case for common soldier- celestial sphere employees because they derive satisfaction from participating in the production of a proficient of gritty social range see, for example, Karl and Sutton (1998) and Houston (2000). Ren (2010) points to that value congruence or organization and employees can strengthen the intrinsic motivation. He in like manner investigates whether value congruence can impact the design of the organization and ? nds that value congruence is think to employee participation in decision reservation and autonomy as opposed to control. Apart from the above discussed differences in the inducing complex body parts in the frequent and the individual(a) celestial sphere, there is in any case a difference in the gender distribution inwardly the two spheres as women tend to be over-represented in the human race as well as the non-pro? t sector. Narcy et al. 2008) investigates possible ex castations for this and ? nds that the feminization of the open sector can be explained by the fact that women obtain a toweringer wage gain from choosing this sector than men do, investigating, among new(prenominal) factors, the social objectives engage by the 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd 4 lea Sell Bryan Cleal commonplace sector. Also ? exible working hours have seemed to attract women. The result in imagine to wages was frame for classic data in Demoussis and Giannakopoulos (2007). In Denmark 63. per cent of the employees in the frequent sector are women whereas this ? gure for the secluded sector is only 35. 1 per cent (OECD, 1997) . According to the previous discussion, a meaningful analytical distinction when pervictimization job satisfaction is between the toffee-nosed and the popular sector. Newer studies that have applied this distinction with near results are, for example, Demoussis and Giannakopoulos (2007) and Ghinetti (2007). They use Greek and Italian data, respectively, and the measures are on so-called celestial orbit satisfactions representing different facets of the job, instead of a world(a) measure.Ghinetti examines differences in satisfaction between the underground and the unrestricted sector in bear upon to six non-pecuniary job attributes. He ? nds that public and clandestine employees are equally satis? ed on leash of the items, that the publicly occupied are more satis? ed on two items, and one item with meld results. Using a division on sector, gender differences can be tested by inwardness of interactions outlets. In the present paper, we use a division on sector in com bination with tests of gender interaction causes. An practically discussed topic in notification to job satisfaction is wage.The general assumption is that exalteder wage improvers job satisfaction, not necessarily because it actually makes you happier in the job, but because a eminenter wage profits overall utility by ontogeny total expenditure opportunities. Many studies apply a general job satisfaction measure, which makes it dif? cult to distinguish the two effects. Furthermore, not only absolute, but also relative wage is considered to be positively correspond to the direct of job satisfaction. This is when utilise the wages of other workers having the same characteristics and type of job for comparison see, for example, Clark (1996).In the present paper, wage is utilise as one type of reward along with recognition and early day opportunities at the job. In pasture not to flim-flam the relationships between the third types of rewards, we use the absolute wage i n the present analyses as opposed to relative wages. The job satisfaction measure applied is a general measure of job satisfaction. Other determinants of job satisfaction lots applied in analyses performed indoors labour economic theory and thus also utilize in our analyses include instruction, job kick upstairs, managerial position, the unemployment rate, and married status and number of children.Tenure and having a leading(a) position have well invariably been found to be positively related to job satisfaction (Clark, 1997). The relationships between job satisfaction, aim of reproduction, the unemployment rate, and wages are intertwined and convoluted. direction raises wages and thus job satisfaction. But education also raises expectations with respect to job content and thus the likeliness of experiencing job dissatisfaction. In accession, there is more prospect for mobility between jobs in the low-wage job market due to fewer matching criteria for pickings a job, transport magnitude the likeliness of job satisfaction.Finally, a lower unemployment rate can raise job satisfaction through improved mobility (see Akerlof et al. , 1988). Where possible we use the unemployment rate within speci? c professions (60 per cent in the current sample), otherwise the amount unemployment rate is used. Hours of work have been considered as a measure of the disutility of work whereas utility is increasing with change magnitude leisure time. In Denmark, as well as in galore(postnominal) other countries, working hours have to a great extent become a non-divisible good as a result of regulation.Moreover, long working hours can be evident two for workers having a really(prenominal) challenging job and for workers just having too much work, as shown by Kristensen et al. (2004). As a result we decided not to use the absolute number of working hours in our analyses and include ? exibility of working hours instead. Although work environment has been used exte nsively in earlier job satisfaction studies, the present article consistricts its focus to factors where there is evidence of negative health outcomes. 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd profession Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Rewards 5 A widely used theory within psychosocial work environment research is the demand control model, elaborated by Karasek (see Karasek and Theorell, 1990). business demands encompass duodecimal job demands, time pressure, and con? icting job demands whereas decision latitude in line of work is a measure of control and still of aim of job discretion and the class of in? uence. Workers undefendable to risque demands and low control have an increased jeopardize for a number of diseases, notably cardiovascular diseases. eminent-pitched job demands in association with low control have also been associated with diseases such as musculoskeletal dis invests, psychiatric illness, gastrointestinal illness, cance r, suicide, sleeping problems, and diabetes (see Kristensen, 1996). Later studies (e. g. Johnson and Hall, 1988) have shown that a amply level of social reward can counteract the negative effects of juicy job strain. A more recent theory is the effortreward imbalance model by Siegrist (1996). High effort in combination with low rewards has been shown to have an impact on stress, fulminant cardiac death, and hypertension.In this model job demands are a composite measure of time pressure and other quantitative demands, interchangeable to the demands of the demandcontrol model. Reward can be in the form of wages, recognition, and opportunities for personal development or career opportunities. In our analyses we integrate all three reward measures in testing if employees report the same level of job satisfaction when exposed to a hazardous work environment in which compensations are maximized, as compared with a non-hazardous work environment in which there are no compensatory rewa rds. stock credentials and predictability are related to the conception of status control. not having a in steep spirits level of information on decisions that concern the work place is an invisible stressor that has been found to predict heart disease (see Iversen et al. , 1989). In the extensive Whitehall II study set-up in Britain in order to investigate the causes of the social gradient in morbidity and mortality, the impact of privatization on a former civil-servant department when job outcomes were not established was evaluated (see Stansfeld et al. , 1997).In the gap between the resolve of the privatization and the termination phase where the employees had gained more conclusion about their incoming job status, there was an increase in the psychiatric morbidity compared with the morbidity in the period forward the announcement of the privatization. Other psychosocial health factors include in the analyses in this paper are existence exposed to attack at the work pla ce and post con? icts. Exposure to con? icts, teasing, or threats of abandon can provoke stress, anxiety, and, in the long array, fatigue in the victims (see Hoegh, 2005). occasion con? ict is a measure of con? icting demands and un legislate responsibilities and is considered a source of chronic stress, also shown to have an impact on job satisfaction (Fisher and Gitelson, 1983). Physical job demands are included apply a measure of the oftenness of quaint working positions, including having the back severely bent forward with no substitute for hands or arms, twisted or bent body, hands displace to articulatio humeri height or high(prenominal), the write out firmly bent forward or squat or kneeling (see Lund and Tsonka, 2003). Noise is metric on a dichotomous exceed re? cting if workers are exposed to flutter so high that one moldiness raise his or her voice more than 75 per cent of the time in order to communicate with others. For a review of the effects of hoo-ha on mental health, see Stansfeld et al. (2000). 3. Method 3. 1 purification of variables In this paper the wording of the question on job satisfaction is atomic number 18 you satis? ed with your job? . The reacts fall in four verbally labelled and lucid categories. Possible answers are 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd 6 Lea Sell Bryan Cleal Yes, so, To some extent, non so much, and No or very rarely. For analytical purposes, answers in the category Yes, indeed de? ne the outcome high job satisfaction whereas answers in categories Not so much and No or very seldom de? ne universe dissatis? ed with the job. In general the variables are entered in the model in their original form. however the variable representing high demands in combination with low control, as well as the scale for social support, is composed of several measures. loving support consists of a mulish and a psychological dimension, twain(prenominal) of which are assesse d in the questionnaires.The scales differ slightly from 1995 to 2000 and we have therefore dichotomized in a musical mode that makes them equivalent. Hence we only look at situations where the employee either unceasingly receives help, support, and encouragement or not. There are separate questions for social support from colleagues and from attractors or superiors. Not perpetually receiving support from either colleagues or superiors is assigned the lowest level, always receiving support from either colleagues or superiors are the two intermediate levels, and always receiving support from both groups is the highest level.In order to measure demands and level of control, a variable that re? ects the demands in different occupations has been constructed. Demands are de? ned as being high if work demands attention and full assimilation almost all of the time, if the pace of work is perceived to be very fast, or when con? icting or unclear job demands are experienced. low control is de? ned as a combination of limited in? uence on planning ones own work and low job variation. 3. 2 selective information and the population Data on work environment and health in the working population were obtained from the Danish Work Environment Cohort subject field (DWECS) (see Burr et al. 2003). The panel started out with a simple haphazard sample bony from the central population interpret in 1990, consisting of people aged 1859 long time per 1 October 1990. People in this panel were interviewed in 1995, 2000, and 2005 and the panel is ceaselessly adjusted for ageing and immigration. The 1990 sample consisted of 9,653 individuals of which 8,664 participated (90 per cent). Of these, 6,067 (70 per cent) were wages earners. The following 1995 sample consisted of 10,702 persons, of which 8,572 participated (80 per cent).Of the participants in 1995, 5,649 (65. 9 per cent) were wage earners, 6. 7 per cent were green light owners, and 27. 4 per cent were not in the job mark et. Of the 5,649 wage earners in 1995, 4,647 also participated in the survey in 2000 (82. 3 per cent). The population used for the analyses in this paper are the respondents who were wage earners in 1995 and who also participated in DWECS as wage earners in 2000, corresponding to 3,773 individuals. The sample only contains information about present job in 1995 and 2000, respectively, and on elevate in these jobs. breeding on possible intervening unemployment spells is only getable when linking the data set to a register of social payment transfers that have not been within the scope of this paper. hypothesize satisfaction has shown to be related to job change as in, for example, Kristensen and Westergaard-Nielsen (2004). As for job change in our population, a total of 1,128 individuals have changed work place in the period. When dividing this subsample on job satisfaction levels as report in 1995, 49. 7 per cent of those who were not, or only very seldom satis? ed with the job ch ange work place during the 5-year period whereas only 32. per cent of those who were passing or to some extent satis? ed with the job have changed job by 2000. Moreover, as wage earners who had a low range of job satisfaction in 1995 have had a higher 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd transmission line Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Rewards 7 incentive to leave the work force wholly or start their own enterprise by 2000, the ? nal sample may be biased. To estimate the size of this potential bias, all participants in 2000 (including un sedulous and enterprise owners) are divided among the four categories of job satisfaction levels reported in 1995.The results are that 21 per cent of those who were not, or only very seldom, satis? ed are not in the work force in 2000. Of those who were exceedingly or to some extent satis? ed with the job, only 14 per cent had leave the work force. However, the total amount of dissatis? ed workers who hav e left the sample amounts to 58 persons and attrition should therefore not pose a serious threat to the reliableness of results. After deducting observations with missing values on any of the analysed items, the cohort consisted of 3,412 individuals. See tabularize 1 for sample characteristics. 3. 3 statistical analysesThe data resulting from measuring qualitative phenomena by the use of questionnaires are most often categorical, ordinal numberly scaled data. This means that they are enjoin, but with intervals that might be uneven. One example is measures of job satisfaction using a verbal rating scale, consisting of a trenchant number of verbally described ordered categories. This type of data restricts the types of arithmetic trading operations that can be applied, which in turn limit the range of statistical methods equal for the depth psychology. As noted earlier, another problem when analysing job satisfaction is that of unobserved heterogeneity.It causes problems because the reversion model is based on the assumption that there is no correlation between the explanatory variables and the error term. But as the error term captures the variation from potentially omitted variables such as ? xed personal traits that may in? uence the chance of a speci? c outcome on the job satisfaction variable, this type of model error is likely to occur in analyses of job satisfaction. A method to eliminate heterogeneity is the occupation of conditional likelihood in logistical statistical regression, as shown by Chamberlain (1980) in the case of having a binary response variable.The dogma applied here is that when using logistic regression with conditional likelihood and having more than one observation per object, the variables that do not change values are not used in the adherence. Unfortunately this also means that a variable like gender will be omitted from the union. The last mentioned problem can be solved by either splitting up the epitome in two pa rts according to gender or by integrating gender effects as interaction effects, which is the method adopted in this paper.As the scale on which job satisfaction is measured in the present analysis consists of four ordered categories with verbal ratings, ordinal comparability can be delusive and the response variable can be recoded to a binary variable without violating any assumptions. Conditional likelihood estimation is performed using the panel 19952000. Supplementary ordinary regressions are completed using the cross-sectional data from 2000. Predicted probabilities are generated from the cross-sectional data. Initially, correlation analysis using Kendall Tau was performed on all explanatory variables. The correlation coef? cient was below 0. 0 however between age and elevate, and between education in years and wage. Tenure is used as a substitute for age, as the sign of the correlation between age and job satisfaction also may depend on age (Clark et al. , 1998). educationa l levels were dichotomized and tested in the model as with the gender interaction toll. The full model with variables given in tabulate 1 and Appendix A becomes 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd season in years Mean historic period of check Mean Std. recreation Professions vocational training Marital status Cohabiting 39. 7 general 13. 3 2. 57 34. 2 79. 3 35. 7 private 995 12. 1 2. 19 53. 5 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd 74. 7 80. 8 54. 4 12. 5 2. 36 40. 9 common soldier 2000 81. 9 33. 7 13. 7 2. 53 44. 7 universal Net month pay Mean, DKK. Std. deviation Tenure Mean Std. deviation gender male person Female 64. 9 35. 1 7. 0 7. 52 10,891 4,909 close hedge 1. Summary of key demographic and economic variables in balanced panel (N = 3,412) 1995 36. 6 63. 4 8. 8 8. 10 9,932 4,102 common 65. 0 35. 0 9. 0 8. 79 13,600 4,667 Private 2000 34. 5 65. 0 11. 4 9. 64 12,123 3,541 Public 8 Lea Sell Bryan Cleal line of products Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Rewards 9 JSij = ? i + ? marriedij + ? 2 Childrenij + ? 3High directij + ? 4 picayune further educationij u + ? 5 Tenureij + ? 6 attractionij + ? 7 unemployment rateij + ? 8 Noiseij + ? 9 Physical strainij + ? 10 Influenceij + ? 11High demand-low controlij + ? 12 Job certificationij + ? 13 Informationij + ? 14 routine conflict ij + ? 15 complaisant sup port ij + ? 16 Conflict at workij + ? 17 bendable hoursij + ? 18 Logpay ij + ? 19 Job futurei + ? 20 actualisation leaderi + ? ij . The i subscript refers to different persons and j refers to different measurements for person i, Job satisfaction (JS) is the hooklike variable, a the constant, b is the vector of the coef? ients of the explanatory variables, and eij is a random error term. Questionnaire answers on job future opportunities and recognition from leaders are only available for the 2000 cross-section. The estimation method is utmost likelihood and the statistical computer programs used were SAS 8. 2 and STATA 9. 0, the logit procedure and the clogit procedure. Results are presented as factor changes in betting betting betting betting betting odds, expressing the increase in the odds of being in the group having a high period of job satisfaction, for a one point, or level, increase in the explanatory variable. 4. ResultsIn this section we present the empirical results based on four sets of analyses. (1) Preliminary regression analyses on gender differences. (2) Main results Estimating the luck of the outcomes being exceedingly satis? ed with the job and being dissatis? ed with the job using conditional likelihood estimation. (3) An ordinary logistic regression analysis using only data from 2000 with addition of recognition from leaders and future job opportunities to the model. This model is used for predicting the hazard of having a high level of job satisfaction when rewards are optimized and work environment factors are at unfavourab le levels. 4) A ordinal and last analysis has the purpose of substantiation of the question on job satisfaction and consists of a regression where job satisfaction as response variable is substituted by a question on the degree of motivation and engagement in ones work. 4. 1 Preliminary analyses on gender differences Initially, tests for gender interaction effects are performed. For private-sector employees, social support shows both a signi? set up gender effect and a general effect on job satisfaction. For public-sector employees job trade protection indicates a signi? ant gender effect and a general effect. In both cases being a woman increases the impact on the level of job satisfaction. The gender interaction effects are veri? ed when campaign separate regressions on genders still using the division on sectors. The results can be seen in Appendix B. Due to the neediness of observations when using ? xed effects regressions these regressions are run on only the 2000 cross-s ection using ordinary logistic regression on the outcome being extremely satis? ed. A few results turn out to be gender speci? only for publicly employed men, having no education above high school level lowers the hazard of a high level of job satisfaction and having a leading position increases the opportunity of high job satisfaction signi? patoisly. For publicly employed women only, the unemployment rate is signi? cantly and inversely related to the level of job satisfaction. Job security is signi? cant as suggested by the found interaction effects. For in private employed men and women, gender-speci? c effects are in? uence that increases the 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd 0 Lea Sell Bryan Cleal prospect of high job satisfaction for men, job security that increases the likelihood of job satisfaction for women, and being exposed to aggression at the work place, which is only signi? cant for women. Moreover, the coef? cient of social support is larger for women than for men corresponding to the results of the gender analysis. In discover to wages, the effect is large and positive for both privately employed men and privately employed women but nonsigni? cant for both genders within the public sector.As discussed in the statistical analysis section multicollinarity existed between education in years and wage. Therefore educational levels are entered as separate variables to the model. Ultimately, only having no further education beyond high school and having a short further education were statistically signi? cant (p 0. 05) and these levels are therefore kept in the model. 4. 2 Results using conditional likelihood on the combined panel of data from 1995 and 2000 The gender interaction effects found and the two variables representing educational level are now entered in the ? al model. The results are shown in duck 2. The left section of the table shows the results when estimating the fortune of having a high level of job satisfaction and the right section of the table shows the results when estimating the probability of having a low level of job satisfaction, the last mentioned in order to test for a duality in the impacts on job satisfaction as discussed in serve well 2. smell ? rst at the results for the economic and demographic measures, the odds of being in the high job satisfaction category are reduced with one-? th for every supererogatory child for private employees, although the latter effect is only borderline signi? cant (p = 0. 077). This result is matched in the public sector, in the way that the odds of having a low level of job satisfaction triple for an superfluous child. For privatesector employees, having no more than a high school education, opposed to having an educational level above high school, around triples the odds of being in the high job satisfaction category and also reduces the odds of being in the low job satisfaction category, although the latter effect is only borderline signi? ant (p = 0. 063). Having a mediocre length or short further education most halves the odds of being highly satis? ed with ones job. Educational level does not show any effects of signi? cance for public-sector employees. High tenure raises the odds of being in the low job satisfaction category for public-sector employees, a result not matched elsewhere. Within both sectors, the level of job satisfaction seems to be related to the size of the unemployment rate, and the scope of this relation is similar for private and public employees.The sizes of the odds indicate an 8. 3 per cent reduce in the odds of being in the high satisfaction category per per cent increase in the unemployment rate for private-sector employees and a 9 per cent decrease in the odds of being in the high satisfaction category per per cent increase in the unemployment rate for public-sector employees. In regard to occupational health factors, the public and the private sector ha ve four factors in common role con? cts nearly halves the odds of being in the high satisfaction category in both sectors, odd work positions decrease the odds of being in the high satisfaction category for private employees by one-third, and for public employees by nearly one-half. Increasing the level of information that concerns the work place raises the odds of being highly satis? ed by 71 per cent for privately employed and by 91 per cent for publicly employed workers. For each increase in the level of social support, the odds of being highly satis? ed increase by 58 per cent and 31 per cent, respectively. For public employees, increasing the level of in? ence increases the odds of being highly satis? ed with the job by 71 per cent, and having foreseeable job security above 12 months nearly doubles the odds of being in the high job satisfaction category. For private-sector 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd 1. 061 0. 811(*) 2. 881* 0. 558* 1. 009 1. 349 0. 917* 0. 525* 0. 681* 1. 045 0. 965 1. 532 1. 709* 0. 537* 1. 576* 0. 973 1. 246* 1. 698(*) 0. 755* 0. 6741. 672 0. 6431. 023 1. 3426. 186 0. 3590. 868 0. 9781. 040 0. 7072. 573 0. 8760. 960 0. 3030. 907 0. 5140. 903 0. 8491. 292 0. 4462. 091 0. 9042. 596 1. 3802. 116 0. 3980. 23 1. 2571. 978 0. 5551. 705 1. 1031. 409 0. 9902. 913 0. 5750. 992 CI 1. 310 1. 047 0. 497 0. 796 0. 974 0. 460 0. 910* 0. 739 0. 579* 1. 710* 0. 595 2. 042(*) 1. 906* 0. 525* 1. 309* 0. 936 1. 035 1. 386 0. 150* OR ? xed 0. 6392. 682 0. 7551. 452 0. 1531. 618 0. 4311. 472 0. 9321. 019 0. 1501. 417 0. 8580. 965 0. 3461. 576 0. 3580. 935 1. 1422. 559 0. 0586. 084 0. 8914. 680 1. 3552. 681 0. 3370. 817 1. 0921. 569 0. 5521. 589 0. 8501. 260 0. 4634. 154 0. 0270. 825 CI Public (Reg. 2) 1. 379 0. 803 0. 062(*) 0. 414 1. 046 3. 378 1. 006 3. 843* 1. 238 1. 943* 4. 482* 3. 012* 2. 112* 2. 247(*) 1. 496* . 825 0. 913 1. 176 OR ? xed 0. 3605. 274 0. 3941. 639 0. 0031. 157 0. 0852. 022 0. 9511. 150 0. 32035. 729 0. 9061. 116 1. 23811. 926 0. 6532. 347 1. 1763. 212 1. 42514. 091 1. 0168. 933 1. 2223. 650 0. 9495. 320 1. 0592. 114 0. 6794. 902 0. 6411. 300 0. 2755. 038 CI Private (Reg. 3) b 0. 744 3. 396* 11. 731 2. 327 1. 195* 0. 061 1. 017 0. 358 1. 250 3. 186(*) 0. 727 0. 939 2. 052(*) 1. 152 1. 586(*) 4. 557(*) 0. 805 1. 766 OR ? xed 0. 1403. 948 1. 04910. 993 0. 469293. 833 0. 38314. cxx 1. 0251. 395 0. 0 0. 8611. 202 0. 0462. 809 0. 5732. 724 0. 97510. 409 0. 0717. 497 0. 1276. 940 0. 964. 699 0. 3483. 819 0. 9362. 689 0. 96221. 598 0. 3721. 740 0. 16019. 521 CI Public (Reg. 4) low-spirited job satisfactionc dichotomous variables. Gender interaction effects phallic = 1. c Scales are reversed for in? uence, job security, information, social support, and ? exible hours when estimating job dissatisfaction. CI 95% con? dence interval. Signi? cance levels(*) 0. 05 p 0. 10, * 0. 0000 p 0. 05. add up of observations Reg. 1 = 1,200, Reg. 2 = 650, Reg. 3 = 282, Reg. 4 = 128. -log (Likelihood) Reg. 1 = 317. 1, Reg. 2 = 172. 6, Reg. 3 = 50. 8, Reg. 4 = 27. 3. pseudo R2s Reg. 1 = 0. 24, Reg. 2 = 0. 3, Reg. 3 = 0. 48, and Reg. 4 = 0. 38. a Cohabitinga fare of children High school or lessa pithy further education Job tenure in years attracter statusa Unemployment rate 1. Noisea 2. Odd work positions 3. In? uence 4. Low controlhigh demand 5. Job security 1 yeara 6. Information 7. Role con? ictsa 8. well-disposed support 9. undecided to aggressiona 10. Flexible hours periodical pay. Ln kr Male social supportb Male job securityb OR ? xed Private (Reg. 1) High job satisfaction Table 2. Results from conditional logistic regression, when estimating the probability of being highly satis? ed with ones job and being dissatis? ed with ones job.Divided on private-sector and public-sector employees Job Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Rewards 11 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd 12 Lea Sell Bryan Cleal employees, th ree additional factors have signi? cant impacts on the probability of being highly satis? ed with ones job noise halves the odds of having the highest level of job satisfaction more ? exible working hours increase the odds of being highly satis? ed by 25 per cent and ? nally the odds of log pay suggest that when log pay is increased by one unit the odds of being in the high satisfaction category increase by nearly 70 per cent.The effect is borderline signi? cant (p = 0. 054). Comparing the results from the conditional likelihood estimation with the results from the ordinary logistic regression analyses (as shown in Appendix B), a few discrepancies surface for publicly employed men having no more than a high school education lowers the probability of a high level of job satisfaction and having a leading position raises the probability of a high level of job satisfaction using ordinary regression analysis only. In? uence raises the probability of high job satisfaction signi? cantly f or privately employed men but not when using ? ed effects analyses. For public employees, being exposed to aggression at the work place lowers the probability of high job satisfaction when using ordinary logistic regression analysis and the corresponding result from the ? xed effects regression is an increase in the probability of dissatisfaction when being exposed to con? icts. For private employees odd work positions only show an effect in the ? xed effects analysis. Looking at the results of predicting being dissatis? ed with ones job several factors impact on the probability of both having a high degree of job satisfaction and being dissatis? d with the job. This is the case in the private sector for noise, information, role con? icts, and social support, and in the public sector for in? uence, information, and social support. On the other hand, being exposed to personnel, threats of violence or teasing, or having a job with low control in combination with high demands only has an impact on the probability of being dissatis? ed with the job. 4. 3 Hazards and the effects of rewards on the likelihood of being highly satis? ed with the job Following the results from the regressions presented in the previous sections, pay is only a signi? ant predictor of having a high level of job satisfaction in the private sector, and did not seem to have any impact on the probability of being dissatis? ed. Within both labour economic studies and work psychology, future opportunities and recognition are also considered as rewards of work. As additional information is available on future opportunities and recognition in data from 2000, the following analysis incorporates all three types of rewards. In addition, people were asked in 1995 what they considered to be the most eventful aspect of their work.Of the three possible answers, 11. 2 per cent answered that the pay was good (6. 0 per cent in the public sector and 14. 8 per cent in the private sector), 58. 0 per cent ans wered that the work interest them (65. 6 per cent in the public sector and 52. 7 per cent in the private sector), and 30. 8 per cent answered that they got along well with colleagues (28. 4 per cent in the public sector and 32. 4 per cent in the private sector). The differences among public and private employees with regard to pay support the evidence from our analyses.However the results also suggest that alternative rewards may be considered although the expertness of these rewards to compensate for hazards in the work environment is more uncertain. The second question we have sought to investigate is whether employees exposed to hazards at work for which they receive above fairish rewards, when comparing with employees in non-hazardous work with norm rewards, report the same level of job satisfaction. This was achieved by means of calculations of predicted probabilities. The factors tested were signi? ant predictors of both having a high level of job satisfaction and being di ssatis? ed with the 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd Job Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Rewards 13 job. Initially, a regression on the 2000 cohort integrating recognition from leaders and future possibilities in the model was performed. The results from this regression are shown in Appendix C. The hazards analysed for private-sector employees are high noise, low levels of information and social support, and role con? icts. For the public sector, low levels of information, in? ence, and social support are chosen. The results from substitute the levels of these variables from their best, to their worst case, and at the same time maximizing the three types of rewards are shown in Table 3. The values in towboat 2 express the probability of being highly satis? ed with the job when each of the six chosen work environment factors are in their most positive position and all other variables are held constant at the mean. Column 3 shows the probabi lity of being highly satis? ed with the job when each of the six hazards is at the most negative level.Columns 4, 5 and 6 give the probability of having a high level of job satisfaction when the individual factors are at the worst case, maven rewards are at their best, and all other variables are at their mean. Having the lowest level of information gives the lowest probability of having a high degree of job satisfaction observed for private-sector employees (0. 62). For public-sector employees the likelihood of being highly satis? ed with the job when information is at the lowest level is 0. 56. This is the case when all other variables are held at an average level.Moreover, the probability of being highly satis? ed with ones job never exceeds 0. 75 as long as information is low, which is below both 0. 81 and 0. 79, the average probabilities of being highly satis? ed with the job within the public and the private sector. Low in? uence predicts the lowest probability of a high leve l of job satisfaction for publicsector employees, which is 0. 56. In this case it is not possible to reach the same level of job satisfaction when having the lowest possible level of in? uence, as compared with those experiencing a high level of in? uence even if receiving maximum rewards.The same is evident for social support for employees in both sectors. In contrast, the impacts of high noise or experiencing role con? icts on the probability of having a high level of job satisfaction are, however, neutralized by either the highest level of leader recognition or future opportunities, or a high wage, being among the best-paid 2 per cent in the sample. 4. 4 Hazards and the effects of rewards on the likelihood of being highly cause in the job The analysis made in element 4. 3 is repeated now predicting the probability of having the highest level of motivation when the levels of in? ence, social support, and information are at their worst, individual rewards are at their best, and a ll other variables are at their mean. The results of this regression are shown in Appendix D. Table 4 is analogous with Table 3. The results in Table 4 are consistent with the results in Table 3, except that receiving the highest level of leader recognition now seems to compensate privately employed for a low level of social support. 5. Discussion The way work environmental and socio-economic factors related to job satisfaction was not only in terms of either increasing job satisfaction or not, i. e. eing motivational factors or not. so in line with Herzberg et al. s (1959) theory some job factors also function as maintenance factors that are only being capable of making employees dissatis? ed with the job. In addition to this, some factors only had the impact of lowering the likelihood of being highly satis? ed with the job. These could be characterized as inconvenience factors with an unsettling effect on the motivation factors. 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackw ell Publishing Ltd 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd 0. 713 0. 618 0. 727 0. 736 0. 563 0. 754 0. 598 . 798 0. 825 0. 881 0. 812 P(High JS) when X at its worst and the rest of the factors at their means 0. 838 0. 879 0. 829 0. 520 0. 721 0. 556 0. 804 0. 727 0. 814 0. 821 P(High JS) when Pay is at maximum, X at its worst, and the rest of the factors at the means 0. 701 0. 848 0. 730 0. 817 0. 743 0. 827 0. 834 P(High JS) when Leader Recognition high, X at its worst, and the rest at the means 0. 717 0. 858 0. 746 0. 815 0. 741 0. 825 0. 832 P(High JS) when future tense Opportunities are high, X at its worst, and the rest at their means Probability of high Job Satisfaction for private employees when all variables at their mean 0. 901. Probability of high Job Satisfaction for public employees when all variables at their mean 0. 8052. Leader recognition is at its highest when the employee has answered To a very high degree when asked Is your work ack nowledged and apprehended by the management? and future opportunities are maximized when the employee has answered To a very high degree when asked are the future prospects of your job good? . Private sector Noise Information Social support Role con? ict Public sector Information Social support In? uence P(High JS) when X is optimal and the rest of the factors at heir means Table 3. Probability of a high level of Job Satisfaction (JS) for variable levels of dissatisfaction factors and rewards (X) 14 Lea Sell Bryan Cleal 0. 268 0. 320 0. 338 0. 408 0. 161 0. 396 0. 467 P(High M) when X at its worst and the rest of the factors at their means 0. 474 0. 532 0. 507 0. 380 0. 453 0. 187 0. 299 0. 353 P(High M) when Pay is at maximum, X at its worst, and the rest of the factors at the means 0. 443 0. 518 0. 230 0. 414 0. 476 P(High M) when Leader Recognition high, X at its worst, and the rest at the means 0. 448 0. 523 0. 233 0. 356 0. 415 P(High M) hen Future Opportunities are high, X at its worst, and the rest at their means Notes Motivation is at its highest when the employee has answered Yes, indeed when asked Do you feel motivated and engaged in your work? 39. 2% of the private employees and 46. 3% of the public employees answer Yes, indeed. Private sector Information Social support Public sector Information Social support In? uence P(High M) when X is optimal and the rest of the factors at their means Table 4. Probability of a high level of motivation (M) for varying levels of dissatisfaction factors and rewards (X)Job Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Rewards 15 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd 16 Lea Sell Bryan Cleal While adding to the credibleness of results, many respondents unfortunately are lost when using conditional likelihood estimation as those with none changing characteristics are dropped from the analysis. When comparing the results of the ordinary regression analyses with the results using conditiona l likelihood estimation it did not seem that controlling for ? xed effects alters results in regard to the subjective measures used.A possible explanation is that most answers are put as frequencies of motion picture during working hours leaving less room for misconceptions of the questions. About two-thirds of the results on work environment variables were common for public- and private-sector employees, with effects of just about the same size. Common factors were odd work positions and role con? ict, both factors lowering the probability of having a high level of job satisfaction, and information on decisions that concerns the work place and social support, of which higher levels predicted being highly satis? d with the job and lower levels predicted job dissatisfaction. Factors being speci? c for the private sector were noise and a combination of low control and high demands, whereas exposure to aggression at the work place and level of in? uence only seemed to have an effect o n public employees. Being exposed to violence, threats of violence or teasing, and having a job with low control in combination with high demands are examples of maintenance factors as the extent of their impact is con? ned to negative outcomes.In accordance with our results, public employees have been shown to have an increased risk of experiencing con? icts, teasing, or threats of violence at work (see Hoegh, 2005) whereas jobs with low control and high demands are typically found on industrial work sites within the private sector. In testing the ameliorative cogency of rewards to compensate for the negative effects on job satisfaction deriving from exposure to (primarily psychosocial) hazards in the work environment, our results indicated only a limited effect for this type of compensating differential.In particular, rewards could not neutralize the effects on job satisfaction when employees have low levels of information on decisions that concerns the work place, social support , or, as a result for public employees only, in? uence. Most previous studies searching for evidence of compensating wage differentials for work environment hazards have been concerned with observable occupational health hazards (see Rosen, 1986), an exception being for very trying work (French and Dunlap, 1998). The results were duplicated and even more sound out when the analysis was repeated substituting job satisfaction with motivation.Where the same fraction of public employees and private employees reported being highly satis? ed with the job, there was a variety among the two sectors when comparing the fraction of employees describe to be highly motivated. Thirty-nine per cent of the private employees and 46 per cent of the public employees reported to be the highly motivated. These results also correspond to the result that more public than private employees report that the most important aspect of their work was that the work interested them (66 per cent versus 53 per c ent).The differences are splendid but the results support the theory that public employees should have higher intrinsic motivation (Benabou and Tirole, 2006). As wages did not show any signi? cant impact on the level of job satisfaction for public employees and neither had any signi? cant compensating value in regard to certain hazards at the job, the results also point to that publicly employed workers are less motivated by high pay and place a higher value on the intrinsic rewards as also seen in Karl and Sutton (1998) and Houston (2000).Very low probabilities of having a high level of job satisfaction (0. 56) and being highly motivated at the job (0. 16) were evident for public employees with the lowest level of in? uence. This all the way suggests that lack of in? uence can demotivate public employees and points to that 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd Job Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Rewards 17 intrinsic motivation can be undermined if people feel controlled, and have critical autonomy and freedom in do work tasks (Deci and Ryan, 1985).Moreover, in the long run, lack of autonomy can pose a threat to value congruence between the employees and the organization, as suggested by Ren (2010). In regard to the results concerning gender differences, job security showed a general positive effect on job satisfaction as well as a gender-speci? c effect for employees in the public sector, suggesting women chase after job security more than men. For private employees, any effect of job insecurity would be dissatisfaction with the job and the size of the effect was just about the same for the two genders.In a study by DAddio et al. (2003), job security was found to have the same effect for men and women after adjusting for ? xed effects. Without adjusting for ? xed effects, men seemingly valued job security the most. In the study by Clark et al. (1998), they ? nd that the extent to which women or men pursue job security varies among countries and that the differences are comparatively small. These other studies have split the analyses on gender, which complicates comparison, and the differing time span of years over which the observations are made most ikely has an effect too. Clark et al. (1998) also ? nd that women report having good relations at work more often than men. Whereas Sloane and Williams (2000) ? nd that good interpersonal relations are most important for women. This is consistent with our ? nding that among private employees, women value social support more than men. The impact on job satisfaction from wages may also re? ect an effect of satisfaction with the job that derives from increased total expenditure opportunities as the question on job satisfaction in our study is one that re? cts overall job satisfaction. The results may also be dependent on the given wage structure as both wages and wages dispersion are lower within the public sector than within the private sector in Denma rk at the time (Wadensjo, 1996). Finally, the impact on job satisfaction from the unemployment rate is large. DAddio et al. (2003) found a similar negative correlation between job satisfaction and the rate of unemployment. In both the study by DAddio et al. (2003) and our study, this relation is only signi? cant after controlling for ? xed effects.That is, apart from the result when making a separate analysis on gender and sector. It is noteworthy that the unemployment rate has these clear derived effects on the subjective feelings towards the job. According to the studies by Akerlof et al. (1988), a low unemployment rate makes it possible for unsatis? ed employees to change to jobs with more desired characteristics. Appendix A heed of work environment variables 1. Noise twain levels according to answer to the below 3/4 or more of the work day being exposed to noise that high that one must raise the voice to be able to discourse with others. . Odd work positions A score with a on e point increase when respondents have marked a positive answer to the following questions 3/4 or more of the working hours the work entails work with 1. The back heavily dead set(p) forward with no support for hands or arms. 2. The body twisted or bended in the same way several times an hour. 3. The hands lifted to shoulder height or higher. 4. The neck heavily bended forward. 5. Squatting or kneeling. 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd 18 Lea Sell Bryan Cleal 3. In? uence quadruple levels back end you plan your own work? 4.Low controlhigh strain In? uence quatern levels Can you plan your own work? Job variation Four levels Is your job vary? Time pressure Recoded into two levels 1995 Does your work entail that you have to work under time pressure in order to get certain pieces of work make? 2000 Is it necessary to work very fast? Mental demands Does your work demand all your attention and concentration? 5. Job security both levels accordin g to (1995) Certain or pretty sure of keeping the job the next 12 months. (2000) The present job is not a ? xed-term appointment with less than 12 months left. . Information Four levels argon you informed about decisions that concern your work place? 7. Unclearness of role and con? icting demands Two levels according to the consent or not of either of two statements It is clear what my responsibility. I experience con? icting demands in my work. 8. Social support (four levels No support, always support from colleagues but not always from superiors, always support from superiors but not always from colleagues, always support from colleagues and superiors) 1995 Do you receive help and encouragement from your superior/colleagues? 000 How often do you receive help and support from superior or colleagues? 9. Con? icts, teasing, undesired informal attention, threats, or violence (two levels) 1995 are you exposed to any form of unpleasant teasing, unwanted sexual attention, threats of violence, or violence at your work place? (Not inform any incidents constitutes a no) 2000 down you been exposed to unpleasant teasing, unwanted sexual attention, threats of violence, or physical violence at your work place within the last 12 months? (Not reporting any incidents constitutes a no) 10.Flexibility of work schedule Four levels according to the time space within a respondent can vary the daily working schedule without grown further notice. Can you change the placing of your working hours from day to day without making prearrangements, e. g. obtain at work late or leave work early? 11. Recognition Four levels Is your work acknowledged and appreciated by the management? 12. Future opportunities Four levels Are the future prospects of your work good? 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd Job Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Rewards 19Appendix B Estimating high job satisfaction on the 2000 cross-sectional data. Divided on gender Men Pri vate (Reg. 1) Women Public (Reg. 2) Private (Reg. 3) Public (Reg. 4) Coef. Cohabitinga Number of children High school or lessa Short further education Job tenure in years Leader statusa Unemployment rate 1. Noisea 2. Odd work positions 3. In? uence 4. Low controlhigh demand 5. Job security 1 yeara 6. Information 7. Role con? ictsa 8. Social support 9. Exposed to aggressiona 10. Flexible hours Monthly pay. Ln kr exemplar error Coef. exemplar error Coef. Standard error Coef. Standard error 0. 258 -0. 067 0. 237 0. 437* 0. 010 0. 181 -0. 011 -0. 587* -0. 176 0. 244* -0. 658 0. 087 0. 475* -0. 626* 0. 371* -0. 294 0. 175* 0. 639* 0. 1896 0. 0728 0. 1999 0. 1916 0. 0086 0. 2451 0. 0295 0. 2142 0. 1062 0. 0906 0. 4282 0. 3488 0. 0926 0. 1441 0. 0678 0. 2811 0. 0528 0. 2705 0. 1700 -0. 078 -0. 638* 0. 060 -0. 004 0. 743* 0. 010 0. 104 -0. 493* 0. 395* -0. 919 -0. 292 0. 759* -0. 578* 0. 314* -0. 732* 0. 143 0. 066 0. 2248 0. 0860 0. 2592 0. 1890 0. 0093 0. 3642 0. 0223 0. 2853 0. 1827 0. 1190 0. 6509 0. 2948 0. 1206 0. 1632 0. 0742 0. 1916 0. 0598 0. 2794 0. 307 -0. 026 0. 286 -0. 481* 0. 006 0. 348 0. 021 -0. 529(*) -0. 26 0. 121 -0. 991 0. 469* 0. 607* -0. 435* 0. 459 -0. 348* 0. 171* 0. 611* 0. 2327 0. 1004 0. 2709 0. 2177 0. 0109 0. 5299 0. 0369 0. 2808 0. 1476 0. 1252 0. 5711 0. 3909 0. 1390 0. 2099 0. 0856 0. 2922 0. 0685 0. 2802 0. 167 -0. 015 -0. 117 -0. 1656 0. 010 -0. 267 -0. 029* -0. 044 -0. 380* 0. 247* -0. 003 0. 369* 0. 623* -0. 542* 0. 362* -0. 335* 0. 104* -0. 092 0. 1477 0. 0612 0. 1804 0. 1349 0. 0070 0. 2914 0. 0139 0. 1963 0. 1126 0. 0880 0. 5338 0. 1888 0. 0896 0. 1212 0. 0508 0. 1397 0. 0471 0. 2195 a Dichotomous variables. CI 95% con? dence interval. Signi? cance levels (*) 0. 05 p 0. 10, * 0. 000 p 0. 05. Number of observations Reg. 1 = 1,356, Reg. 2 = 959, Reg. 3 = 728, Reg. 4 = 1,754. -log (Likelihood) Reg. 1 = 639. 3, Reg. 2 = 483. 2, Reg. 3 = 363. 1, Reg. 4 = 907. 1. Pseudo R2s Reg. 1 = 0. 17, Reg. 2 = 0. 18, Reg. 3 = 0. 17, and Reg. 4 = 0. 13. Appendix C Estimating high job satisfaction on the 2000 cross-sectional data (Reg. 1) (Reg. 2) Private (N = 2,057) Public (N = 1,296) OR Cohabitinga Number of children High school or lessa Short further education Job tenure in years Leader statusa Unemployment rate 1. Noisea 2. Odd work positions 3. In? uence 4. Low controlhigh strain . Job security 1 yeara 6. Information Pz CI lower CI higher OR Pz CI lower CI higher 1. 358 0. 934 1. 361 0. 653 1. 016 1. 252 1. 006 0. 628 0. 845 1. 121 0. 464 1. 186 1. 430 0. 042 0. 263 0. 064 0. 004 0. 024 0. 323 0. 796 0. 008 0. 058 0. 139 0. 033 0. 535 0. 000 1. 011 0. 829 0. 982 0. 488 1. 002 0. 802